Реферат: Правовая охрана окружающей природной среды в городах (RTF)

3





I?aaiaay io?aia ie?oaeathuae i?e?iaeiie

n?aaeu a ai?iaeao





Niaea?aeaiea





Aaaaeaiea



1. Iiiyoea e ninoaa oa??eoi?ee ai?iaeia
no?.2



2. Caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai i a?aaeino?ieoaeuenoaa
no?.3



3. Yeieiae/aneea o?aaiaaiey a ieaie?iaaiee e cano?ieea ai?iaeia
no?.4



4. Naieoa?iay io?aia ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu ai?iaeia
no?.6



5. Io?aia cae?iie ?anoeoaeueiinoe a ai?iaeao
no?.8



6. Ainoaea?noaaiiue yeieiae/aneee eiio?ieue ca io?aiie ie?oaeathuae


n?aaeu ai?iaeia no?.10



7. I?aaiaay io?aia ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu cae?uoiai

aaeieieno?aoeaii-oa??eoi?eaeueiiai
ia?aciaaiey no?.11



8. I?aaiaie ?aaeei cae?iuo cii ai?iaeia
no?.14

















































Aaaaeaiea



Nia?aiaiiue ai?iae aieueoie nioeeaeueiue i?aaieci, aeeth/athuee
eiiieaen yeieiai-yeiiiie/aneeo, aaia?aoe/aneeo,
a?oeoaeoo?ii-no?ieoaeueiuo, eoeueoo?ii-auoiauo iniaaiiinoae. Oaeea
iniaaiiinoe anoanoaaiiuo e yeiiiie/aneeo oaeoi?ia, aeaenoaothueo a
ai?iaeao, oi?ie?otho ea/anoaaiii iiaoth n?aaeo iaeoaiey, aaea ia?yaeo, a
ii?ie e aianoi anoanoaaiiuo yeinenoai ooieoeeiie?otho e ?acaeaathony
aio?iiiaaiiua nayce. A ai?iaeao nae/an i?iaeeaaao aieaa iieiaeiu
aeeoaeae ?innee. Ai?iaea noaiiayony naiuie caa?yciaiiuie o/anoeaie
ainoaea?noaaiiie oa??eoi?ee. A aicaeooiue aannaei ai?iaeia aaeaaiaeii
iinooiaao 50 iei o caa?yciythueo aauanoa io noaoeeiia?iuo e
ia?aaeaeaeiuo enoi/ieeia aua?inia, /oi ninoaaeyao aei 300 ea ia
eaaeaeiai aeeoaey ?innee a aiae. Ii i?iiuoeaiiui aua?inai eeaee?othuaa
ianoi caieiatho ai?iaea, aaea a 10 e aieaa ?ac i?aauoaia
i?aaeaeueii-aeiionoeiay ii?ia eiioeaio?aoeee a?aaeiuo aauanoa
(Iaaieoiai?ne, Ieaeiee Oaaee, *aeyaeine, E?aniiy?ne, Iiaieociaoee,
*a?aiiaaoe, A?aone, Aa?acieee e ae?.).



§ 1. Iiiyoea e ninoaa oa??eoi?ee ai?iaeia



Iiiyoea e?oiiuo eee iaeuo ai?iaeia a caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ia ii?aaeaeaii.
Eaaeaeue ?ac yoio aii?in ?aoaaony naiinoiyoaeueii. A oeaeii aea ana
ianaeaiiua ioieou ia oa??eoi?ee ?innee iiae?acaeaeythony ia aeaa
eaoaai?ee: ai?iaea e iinaeee ai?iaeneiai oeia; naeueneea ianaeaiiua
ioieou. Ioianaiea ianaeaiiuo iano e eiie?aoiiio ?ac?yaeo ianaeaiiuo
ioieoia iaoiaeeony a aaaeaiee oaaea?aoeee.

Aeey i?eciaiey ianaeaiiiai ioieoa ai?iaeii o?aaoaony aeaa oneiaey:
/eneaiiinoue ianaeaiey, iinoiyiii i?iaeeaathuaai a ianaeaiiii ioieoa, ia
iaiaa 12 oun. /aeiaae e aai nioeeaeueiue ninoaa ia iaiaa 85%
i?iaeeaathueo aeieaeiu ninoaaeyoue ?aai/ea eee neoaeauea. A eiuo neo/ayo
ianae?iiue ioieo i?eciaaony naeueneei (anee aieueoeinoai aai aeeoaeae
caieiaaony naeueneeo oicyenoaii) eeai ?aai/ei iinaeeii (anee
aieueoeinoai aai aeeoaeae caiyou a i?iiuoeaiiinoe eee ia o?ainii?oa),
aea/iui iinaeeii (anee aieueoeinoai aai aeeoaeae eniieuecotho aeaiiue
ianaeaiiue ioieo a ea/anoaa aacu aeey ioaeuoa) eee eo?i?oiui iinaeeii
(anee ia iaiaa iieiaeiu aai aeeoaeae yaeythony i?eacaeathueie aeey
ioaeuoa eee ea/aiey).

Caiee, (noiaeyueany a i?aaeaeao ai?iaeneie /a?ou (iinaeeiaie /a?ou),
n/eoathony ai?iaeneeie caieyie. Any caiaeueiay oa??eoi?ey ai?iaea
iiae?acaeaeyaony ia /aou?a eaoaai?ee caiaeue:

caiee ai?iaeneie cano?ieee, iauaai iieueciaaiey, niaoeeaeueiiai
iacia/aiey, ai?iaeneea oaiaeuey.

Caiee ai?iaeneie cano?ieee ninoiyo ec caiaeue, cano?iaiiuo e ioaaaeaiiuo
iiae cano?ieeo aeeeuey, aaeieieno?aoeaiuie, eoeueoo?ii-auoiauie
caeaieyie, nii?oaeaieyie.

E caieyi iauaai iieuoaiey y ai?iaeao ioiinyony ieiuaaee, oeeoeu,
aei?iae, iaaa?aaeiua, ianoa ioaeuoa (naaeu, ia?ee, aiaeiaiu, ieyaee).
Oaeei caieyi i?eiaaeeaaeeo oa??eoi?ey, caiyoay iiae iieeaiiu aeey
caoi?iiaiey iaooeeece?iaaiiuo e iaoiene/iuo i?iiuoeaiiuo e auoiauo
iooiaeia, a oaeaea ioni?iia?a?aaaouaathueie i?aaei?eyoeyie.

Caiee niaoeeaeueiiai iacia/aiey ai?iaeia aeeth/atho oa??eoi?ee, caiyoua
i?aaei?eyoeyie i?iiuoeaiiinoe, o?ainii?oa, a oaeaea aeey ioaeae
?aaeeiaauaiey, oaeaaeaeaiey, einiina, yia?aaoeee, iai?iiu,

Ai?iaeneea oaiaeuey aeeth/atho /aou?a aeaea oa??eoi?ee: I) caiee,
eniieuecoaiua aeey naeueneiai oicyenoaa (ai?iaeneea eieoicu, niaoicu,
oa?ia?neea oicyenoaa), aeey naaeiaiaenoaa, iai?iaeie/anoaa,
aeeaioiiaiaenoaa (caiee a?aaeaeai e eo iauaaeeiaiee); 2) caiee
i?e?iaeiio?aiiiai, icaei?iaeoaeueiiai, ?ae?aaoeeiiiiai e
enoi?eei-eoeueoo?iiai iacia/aiey (aeaiae?iia?ee, ciiia?ee, aioaie/aneea
naaeu, eaniia?ee, iaiyoieee i?e?iaeu, iaoeeiiaeueiua ia?ee, i?e?iaeiua
caiiaaaeieee, eo?i?ou, aacu ioaeuoa, enoi?eei-a?oeoaeoo?iua
caiiaaaeieee, iocae e o. ae.); 3) /anoue ai?iaeneeo caiaeue, aiaaoay
iaua?ani?ino?aiaiiuie iieaciuie eneiiaaiuie, ioaiaeeony aeey eo
?ac?aaioee e aeiau/e i?aaei?eyoeyi e a?aaeaeaiai; 4) inoaeueiua caiee
ai?iaeia, aoiaeyuea a ai?iaeneoth /a?oo, iiaoo ioiineoueny e /eneo
iaoaeiaiuo caiaeue aeey cano?ieee e eniieueciaaiey eeai ninoiyoue a
?aca?aa aeey aeaeueiaeoaai ?anoe?aiey ai?iaeneiai no?ieoaeuenoaa.

Ana caiee, ianeoaeeaathuea ianoiua ioaeaeu, i?aaenoaaeytho niaie
ioieoeeiaeueioth nianoaaiiinoue. Iia iaoiaeeony a iieiii aaaeaiee e
oi?aaeaiee ioieoeeiaeueiuo i?aaiia. Ii ec yoiai iauaai i?aaeea anoue
aeaa eneeth/aiey. E ioieoeeiaeueiie nianoaaiiinoe ia ioiinyony caiee e
i?e?iaeiua ?ano?nu oaaea?aeueiiai e ?anioaeeeaineiai, iaeanoiiai,
e?aaaiai cia/aiey. N o/aoii aeaiiuo eneeth/aiee e ioieoeeiaeueiie
nianoaaiiinoe ai?iaea ioiinyony ana caiaeueiua o/anoee, caiyoua
iauaeoaie ianoiiai cia/aiey, i?aaei?eyoeyie ianoiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe,
nii?oaeaieyie ai?iaea. Ai?iaeo oaeaea i?eiaaeeaaeao ia i?aaa
nianoaaiiinoe o/anoee iaae? aeey ?ac?aaioee iaua?ani?ino?aiaiiuo
iieaciuo eneiiaaiuo, eaniua o/anoee ai?iaeneeo eania (ioieoeeiaeueiua
eana), caieiooua aiaeiaiu, ?uaiua caianu e aeeeea aeeaioiua, ioeoeu,
iaeoathuea a ioieoeeiaeueiuo eanao e aiaeiaiao.

Noauaeoaie i?aaa ia caieth a ai?iaeao aunooiatho a?aaeaeaia, eo
iauaaeeiaiey, i?aaei?eyoey, i?aaiecaoeee e o/?aaeaeaiey. A caaeneiinoe
io aeaea ai?iaeneeo caiaeue e noauaeoa i?aaa ia caieth caiaeueiua
o/anoee i?aaeinoaaeythony ianoiie aaeieieno?aoeeae a nianoaaiiinoue eee
iieueciaaiea, a?aiaeo a?aaeaeaiai, a iieueciaaiea eee a?aiaeo
th?eaee/aneei eeoeai.

Iiiaiia?acea oi?i caieaiieueciaaiey e iiiaeanoaaiiinoue noauaeoia i?aaa
ia caieth oa?aeoa?iu a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue aeey caiaeue ai?iaeneie
cano?ieee. Caiee aea iauaai iieueciaaiey eiatho iaeiiai nianoaaiieea
ioieoeeiaeeoao (ianoioth aaeieieno?aoeeth). Aicaaaeaiea eaieoaeueiuo
no?iaiee ?ac?aoaaony oieueei a ?aieao eo oeaeaaiai iacia/aiey (iai?eia?
aeai?oeia, aeiiia eoeueoo?u, eeiioaao?ia e o. i.). Ai a?aiaiiia
iieueciaaiea yoe caiee iiaoo ia?aaeaaaoueny a?aaeaeaiai e th?eaee/aneei
eeoeai aeey aicaaaeaiey a?aiaiiuo nii?oaeaiee (iaeaoie, eeineia,
iaaeeueiiia).

Ia caieyo niaoeeaeueiiai iacia/aiey caiaeueiua o/anoee i?aaeinoaaeythony
a iieueciaaiea eee a?aiaeo i?aaei?eyoeyi, i?aaiecaoeeyi, a?aaeaeaiai
aeey aaaeaiey i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe. Ia caieyo
naeueneioicyenoaaiiiai eniieueciaaiey a ai?iaeao caiaeueiua o/anoee
iiaoo ia?aaeaaaoueny a /anoioth nianoaaiiinoue a?aaeaeaiai aeey aaaeaiey
ee/iiai iiaeniaiiai oicyenoaa, e?anoueyineiai (oa?ia?neiai) oicyenoaa,
aeey caiyoey naaeiaiaenoaii, aeeaioiiaiaenoaii, a iieueciaaiea aeey
iai?iaeie/anoaa. Aianoa n oai ai?iaeneea naeueneioicyenoaaiiua caiee
iiaoo eniieueciaaoueny e aeey ae?oaeo iaaeiaiinoae (iai?eia? aeey
aeiau/e ianea, aeeiu, eaiiy e ae?oaeo iaua?ani?ino?aiaiiuo iieaciuo
eneiiaaiuo).

Ia iniaii ianoa iaoiaeyony ai?iaeneea caiee i?e?iaeiio?aiiiai,
icaei?iaeoaeueiiai, ?ae?aaoeeiiiiai e enoi?eei-eoeueoo?iiai cia/aiey. Ia
eo oa??eoi?ee cai?auaaony ethaay aeayoaeueiinoue, i?ioeai?a/auay eo
oeaeaaiio iacia/aieth. ?ac?aoaaony no?ieoaeuenoai eeoue
aaeieieno?aoeaiuo caeaiee e i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo iiiauaiee,
iaiin?aaenoaaiii naycaiiuo n oeaeaaui iacia/aieai caiaeue.



§ 2. Caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai i a?aaeino?ieoaeuenoaa



Iiae a?aaeino?ieoaeuenoaii iiieiaaony aeayoaeueiinoue ii
i?ino?ainoaaiiiio ?annaeaieth ianaeaiey, ?acaeoeth ai?iaeia e ae?oaeo
iinaeaiee, nicaeaieth oneiaee aeey eo oa??eoi?eaeueiiai ono?ienoaa,
caei?iaie e aaciianiie n?aaeu iaeoaiey ethaeae.

Aieiaiui caeiiiaeaoaeueiui aeoii a iaeanoe a?aaeino?ieoaeuenoaa yaeyaony
Caeii ?O ia iniiaao a?aaeino?ieoaeuenoaa a ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee. Ii
ii?aaeaeyao iniiaiua iai?aaeaiey a?aaeino?ieoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe,
n?aaee eioi?uo i?ei?eoaoiia cia/aiea iieo/atho yeieiae/aneea iieacaoaee
yeieiae/anee aaciianiia ?acaeoea ai?iaeia, ?aoeeiiaeueiia
caieaiieueciaaiea e io?aia i?e?iaeu, ?acaeoea eo?i?oiuo, naiaoi?iuo e
?ae?aaoeeiiiuo oa??eoi?ee (no. 2).

Iieiaeaiey i a?aaeino?ieoaeuenoaa, caeiaeaiiua a aeaiiii Ca- , eiia,
eiie?aoece?othony a na?ee ae?oaeo caeiiiaeaoaeueiuo aeoia. A /anoiinoe,
Caiaeueiue eiaeaen ?NON? (no. 70.79) aeaao ii?iaoeaioth oa?aeoa?enoeeo
ioaeaeueiuo eaoaai?ee ai?iaeneeo caiaeue, Caeii ?O ia io?aia
ie?oaeathuae i?e?iaeiie n?aaeu (no. 49) auaeaeaaao yeieiae/aneea
o?aaiaaiey ii o?ai iai?aaeaieyi a?aaeino?ieoaeuenoaa: ieaie?iaaiey,
ieaie?iaee e cano?ieee ai?iaeia; naieoa?iie io?aia ai?iaeia; io?aia
caueoii-icaeaieoaeueiie ?anoeoaeueiinoe e caeaiuo cii.

Caeii ?NON? i naieoa?ii-yieaeaieieiae/aneii aeaaiiieo/ee ianaeaiey
niaea?aeeo ?acaa?iooua naieoa?ii-yieaeaieieiae/aneea o?aaiaaiey a
iaeanoe a?aaeino?ieoaeuenoaa. Iie eanathony ieaie?iaee e cano?ieee
ai?iaeia, naieoa?iie io?aiu ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu, ?aciauaiey
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo e auoiauo iooiaeia, i?aaiecaoeee naieoa?ii-caueoiuo
cii e o. ae.

Aeey yeieiai-i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey ioiioaiee a?aaeino?ieoaeuenoaa
aaaeiia cia/aiea eiatho iieiaeaiey Caeiia ?NON? i nianoaaiiinoe a
?NON?, aaea iacuaathony i?e?iaeiua iauaeou, aoiaeyuea a ioieoeeiaeueioth
nianoaaiiinoue. Yoi iiaoi?yaony a no. 59 Caeiia ?NON? i ianoiii
naiioi?aaeaiee, a Caeiia ?O i e?aaaii, iaeanoiii Niaaoa ia?iaeiuo
aeaiooaoia, e?aaaie, iaeanoiie aaeieieno?aoeee aeaaony oa?aeoa?enoeea
iieiiii/ee e?aaaie, iaeanoiie e ai?iaeneie aaeieieno?aoeee ii
?aaoee?iaaieth yeieiae/aneeo ioiioaiee a a?aaeino?ieoaeuenoaa.

Ia iniiaa caeiiiaeaoaeueiuo e iiaecaeiiiuo aeoia ?ac?aaaouaathony
a?aaeino?ieoaeueiua ii?iu e i?aaeea, a?aaeino?ieoaeueiay aeieoiaioaoeey.

A?aaeino?ieoaeueiua ii?iaoeau eiiieaen eiee/anoaaiiuo e ea/anoaaiiuo
iieacaoaeae, ?aaoee?othueo ?ac?aaioeo e ?aaeecaoeeth a?aaeino?ieoaeueiie
aeieoiaioaoeee n o/aoii yeiiiie/aneeo, aeaiia?aoe/aneeo,
i?e?iaeii-eeeiaoe/aneeo, naieoa?ii-aeaeaie/aneeo, i?ioeaiiiaea?iuo,
yeieiae/aneeo o?aaiaaiee e oneiaee ?acaeoey ai?iaeia.

Iie ?ac?aaaouaathony Ainno?iai n o/anoeai i?aaiia
naieoa?ii-yieaeaieieiae/aneiai iaaeci?a, yeieiae/aneiai eiio?iey,
ai?iaeneie aaeieieno?aoeee.

Ainno?ie niaianoii n i?aaiaie naieoa?ii-yieaeaieieiae/aneiai iaaeci?a
ooaa?aeaeaao i?aaeea cano?ieee ai?iaeia e ae?oaeo ianaeaiiuo ioieoia,
I?aaeea onoaiiaeaiey aeiionoeiuo aua?inia a?aaeiuo aauanoa i?iiuoeaiiuie
i?aaei?eyoeyie (1978 a.), I?aaeea eiio?iey aicaeooa ianaeaiiuo ioieoia
(1977 a.) e ae?.

Ia?ae/iuie caaiueyie a?aaeino?ieoaeueiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey neoaeeo
a?aaeino?ieoaeueiay aeieoiaioaoeey. Caeii ?O ia iniiaao
a?aaeino?ieoaeuenoaa (no. 6) iacuaaao aeaayoue iniiaiuo
a?aaeino?ieoaeueiuo aeieoiaioia. N?aaee ieo aaia?aeueiay noaia
?annaeaiey e i?e?iaeiiieueciaaiey, aaia?aeueiua ieaiu ai?iaeia e ae?oaeo
iinaeaiee; i?iaeou ieaie?iaee e cano?ieee ai?iaeia, oa??eoi?eaeueiua
eaaeano?u ai?iaeia.



§ 3. Yeieiae/aneea o?aaiaaiey a ieaie?iaaiee e cano?ieea ai?iaeia



Eaaeaeue ai?iae eee iinaeie ai?iaeneiai oeia aeieaeiu eiaoue o?e aeaea
ieaiiaie aeieoiaioaoeee: aaia?aeueiue ieai ?acaeoey (?aeiino?oeoeee),
i?iaeou ieaie?iaee e cano?ieee ai?iaea, aai ioaeaeueiuo /anoae,
eaa?oaeia; ieai caiaeueii-oicyenoaaiiiai ono?ienoaa ai?iaea.

Ia ninoiyiea ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu iaiin?aaenoaaiiia aeeyiea ieacuaatho
aaia?aeueiua ieaiu ?acaeoey (?aeiino?oeoeee) ai?iaeia. Iie
?ac?aaaouaathony ia 2530 eao n auaeaeaieai niioaaonoaothueo ia?eiaeia e
ooaa?aeaeathony auoanoiyueie i?aaiecaoeeyie. Aaia?aeueiua ieaiu
no?ieoaeuenoaa e ?aeiino?oeoeee Iineau, Naieo-Iaoa?ao?aa, e?oiiuo
iaeanoiuo e e?aaauo oeaio?ia ooaa?aeaeaao I?aaeoaeuenoai ?O, eaaeaeua
iyoue eao iie ooi/iythony ii ia?a eciaiaiey oneiaee ?acaeoey ai?iaea.

I?e ?ac?aaioea aaia?aeueiuo ieaiia ai?iaeia e ae?oaeo aeieoiaioia ia eo
iniiaa iniiaiiieaaathuaa cia/aiea eiatho o?e i?eioeeia ciiaeueiinoe,
yeieiae/aneie aaciianiinoe, ?aoeeiiaeueiie i?aaiecaoeee oa??eoi?ee.

I?eioeei ciiaeueiinoe icia/aao iiae?acaeaeaiea anae oa??eoi?ee ai?iaea,
aoiaeyuae a ieaie?oaiia i?ino?ainoai, ia /aou?a aeiea i?iiuoeaiiue,
aeeeie, eoeueoo?ii-auoiaie, ?ae?aaoeeiiiue. O?aaiaaiey yeieiae/aneie
aaciianiinoe i?aaeiieaaatho o/ao a?aaeino?ieoaeueiuo ii?iaoeaia ia
?aciauaiea aei?ia, aeeeuo e aaeieieno?aoeaiuo caeaiee, cii ioaeuoa,
naieoa?iuo ii?iaoeaia i?aaeaeueii aeiionoeiuo eiioeaio?aoeee e aua?inia,
na?inia a?aaeiuo aauanoa, ia ?aciauaiea naieoa?ii-caueoiuo cii,
neeaaee?iaaiey iooiaeia e o. i.

Ia iniiaa aaia?aeueiuo ieaiia ai?iaeia ?ac?aaaouaathony i?iaeou
ieaie?iaee e cano?ieee ai?iaea e aai ioaeaeueiuo /anoae. Caeii
iaycuaaao, /oiau ieaie?iaea e cano?ieea ai?iaeia e anao ae?oaeo
ianaeaiiuo ioieoia i?aaeoniao?eaaea nicaeaiea iaeaieaa aeaaii?eyoiuo
oneiaee aeey aeecie, ioaeuoa e caei?iauey ianaeaiey. Eiiieaeniia
aeaaiono?ienoai ai?iaeia aeieaeii auoue iiae/eiaii iaeiie caaea/a
i?aaeoi?aaeaeaieth e eeeaeaeaoeee a?aaeiiai e iianiiai aeeyiey oaeoi?ia
ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu ia oneiaey aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe /aeiaaea.

I?aaeinoaaeaiea caiaeueiuo o/anoeia aeey ?aciauaiey iauaeoia aeeeeuiiai
e i?iiuoeaiiiai no?ieoaeuenoaa, ooaa?aeaeaiea i?iaeoiie e niaoiie
aeieoiaioaoeee, no?ieoaeuenoai e aaiae a yenieoaoaoeeth iacaaeneii io
oi?i nianoaaiiinoe e iiae/eiaiiinoe i?iecaiaeeony oieueei i?e iaee/ee
iieiaeeoaeueiiai caeeth/aiey i?aaiia yeieiae/aneiai e
naieoa?ii-yieaeaieieiae/aneiai eiio?iey e iaaeci?a. Yoi iacuaeaiia
i?aaeei yaeyaony aa?aioeae niaethaeaiey yeieiae/aneie aaciianiinoe
/aeiaaea. Anee oaeia i?aaeei ia niaethaeaaony, oi i?aaei?eyoey,
i?aaiecaoeee eee a?aaeaeaia iaycaiu i?einoaiiaeoue ?aaiou ii
i?iaeoe?iaaieth e no?ieoaeuenoao iauaeoia, a a neo/aa iaaiciiaeiinoe
auiieiaiey naieoa?ii-yeieiae/aneeo o?aaiaaiee iieiinoueth eo
i?ae?aoeoue. Oa?aeoa?ii, /oi iaeiia?aiaiii n i?einoaiiaeaieai,
i?ae?auaieai ?aaio caeii o?aaoao i?ae?auaiey eo oeiaine?iaaiey
o/?aaeaeaieyie aaiea.

Ieaiu caiaeueii-oicyenoaaiiiai ono?ienoaa ai?iaeia i?aaeoniao?eaatho
?aciauaiea eiiioieeaoeeiiiuo naycae, iaania/eaathueo iiaea/o
yeaeo?iyia?aee, aiaeu, oaiea ianaeaieth e na?in aeiaeaeaauo aiae e
iooiaeia. Iie ?ac?aaaouaathony e ?aaeecothony a niioaaonoaee n
naieoa?iuie ii?iaie e i?aaeeaie iiae eiio?ieai
naieoa?ii-yieaeaieieiae/aneie neoaeau ai?iaea.

Iinoaiiaeaieai I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O io 20 ethiy 1993 a. i ainoaea?noaaiiie
yenia?oeca a?aaeino?ieoaeueiie e i?iaeoii-niaoiie aeieoiaioaoeee e
ooaa?aeaeaiee i?iaeoia no?ieoaeuenoaa any a?aaeino?ieoaeueiay
aeieoiaioaoeey (aaia?aeueiua ieaiu, i?iaeou ieaie?iaee e cano?ieee
ai?iaeia, ieaiu caiaeueii-oicyenoaaiiiai ono?ienoaa e o. ae.) iiaeeaaeeo
iaycaoaeueiie ainoaea?noaaiiie yenia?oeca a Aeaaiii oi?aaeaiee
ainoaea?noaaiiie aiaaaaeiinoaaiiie yenia?oecu i?e Ainno?ia ?O
(Aeaaainyenia?oeca ?innee)'. Iiaeiaiay yenia?oeca i?iaiaeeony n o/anoeai
Ieiyeiiiieee, Ieii?e?iaeu e Ieio?oaea ?innee. A caaeneiinoe io enoi/ieea
oeiaine?iaaiey i?iaeou no?ieoaeuenoaa ooaa?aeaeathony Ainno?iai
Oaaea?aoeee eeai a?oeoaeoo?ii-no?ieoaeueiuie eiieoaoaie ?anioaeee,
e?aaa, iaeanoae. I?iaeou, ?aaeecoaiua ca n/ao nianoaaiiuo n?aaenoa,
ooaa?aeaeathony caeac/eeii, ?acoiaaony, iinea yenia?oiiai caeeth/aiey
i?aaiia yeieiae/aneiai e naieoa?iiai eiio?iey e iaaeci?a.

Iacaaiiua aeaeu a?aaeino?ieoaeueiiai ieaie?iaaiey eanathony a iniiaiii
a?oeoaeoo?ii-no?ieoaeueiiai iaeeea ai?iaea eee iinaeea, ii iie ia
?ane?uaatho niaea?aeaiey iauanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee. ?aoaieth yoeo i?iaeai
iinayuaiu ae?oaea aeaeu ai?iaeneiai ieaie?iaaiey. E iei ioiinyony
eiiieaeniua ieaiu nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey ai?iaea;
oa??eoi?eaeueiua eiiieaeniua noaiu io?aiu ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu ai?iaea;
?acee/iua oeaeaaua iao/ii-oaoie/aneea i?ia?aiiu.

Ieaiu nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey ii?aaeaeytho ia?niaeoeao
ai?iaea ia aeeaeaeoea 510 eao n o/aoii no?ieoaeuenoaa, ?aeiino?oeoeee,
ia?ai?ioeee?iaaiey i?aaei?eyoee e ?anoe?aiey eoeueoo?ii-auoiaie noa?u,
aeeeeuiiai no?ieoaeuenoaa. Oa??eoi?eaeueiua eiiieaeniua noaiu io?aiu
ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu (OENIIN) ai?iaeia neoaeao iniiaiui aeieoiaioii,
i?aaeoanoaothuee ?ac?aaioea ieaiia nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey
ai?iaeia. Iie ninoaaeytho eioi?iaoeeiiii-iaoiaee/aneoth e
ii?iaoeaii-oaoie/aneoth aaco yoeo ieaiia. Iniiaiia iacia/aiea aeaiiuo
noai ?ac?aaioaoue ia?u ii i?aaeoi?aaeaeaieth e ono?aiaieth iioa?ue a
i?e?iaeiie n?aaea a nayce n oicyenoaaiiui e nioeeaeueiui ?acaeoeai
ai?iaea, ?anoe?aieai aai oa??eoi?ee.

Aeey ?aoaiey yoie caaea/e OENIIN ai?iaeia ni/aoatho oa??eoi?eaeueiue
iiaeoiae e i?aaiecaoeee i?e?iaeiio?aieoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe n
io?aneaauie ia?aie ii io?aia e ?aoeeiiaeueiiio eniieueciaaieth
ioaeaeueiuo i?e?iaeiuo iauaeoia e ?ano?nia caiaeue, aiae, eania,
aicaeooiiai aannaeia. Oeaeaaua iao/ii-oaoie/aneea i?ia?aiiu ii io?aia
ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu ai?iaeia (ai?iaea) neiioeaio?e?iaaiu ia ?aoaiee
iaeiie eee ianeieueeeo acaeiinaycaiiuo yeieiae/aneeo i?iaeai ii /enoioa
aicaeooiiai aannaeia, io?aia ieoueaaie aiaeu, caueoa i?e?iaeiiai e
eoeueoo?iiai ianeaaeey, ?aeoeueoeaaoeee caiaeue, icaeaiaieth oa??eoi?ee.

Oeiaine?iaaiea i?e?iaeiio?aiiuo ia?ii?eyoee i?iecaiaeeony ca n/ao
io/eneaiee, eioi?ua iinooiatho a ai?iaeneea yeieiae/aneea oiiaeu (a
?acia?a 60 % io noii, io/eneyaiuo i?aaei?eyoeyie ca caa?yciaiea).



§ 4. Naieoa?iay io?aia ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu ai?iaeia



Naieoa?iie io?aiie ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu iacuaaaony aeayoaeueiinoue
i?aaiia naieoa?ii-yieaeaieieiae/aneiai iaaeci?a ii io?aia aeecie e
caei?iauey a?aaeaeai io iaaeaaii?eyoiiai aicaeaenoaey ie?oaeathuae
n?aaeu. Aieiaiie i?aaiecaoeeae a iaeanoe naieoa?iiai iaaeci?a yaeyaony
Ainoaea?noaaiiue eiieoao ?inneeneie oaaea?aoeee ii
naieoa?ii-yieaeaieieiae/aneiio iaaeci?o (Aineiinaiyieaeiaaeci? ?innee).
Iaeiia?aiaiii n iei aeaenoaotho naieoa?ii-iaaeci?iua neoaeau a aieineeo
/anoyo, i?aaei?eyoeyo aiaiii-i?iiuoeaiiiai eiiieaena, aieneao e
iiae?acaeaeaieyo IAAe e ae?oaeo oi?ie?iaaieyo cae?uoiai oeia.

Oeaeue naieoa?iie io?aiu iaania/eoue naieoa?ii-yieaeaieieiae/aneia
aeaaiiieo/ea ianaeaiey, o. a. oaeia ninoiyiea iauanoaaiiiai caei?iauey e
n?aaeu iaeoaiey ethaeae, i?e eioi?ii ionoonoaoao iianiia e a?aaeiia
aeeyiea aa oaeoi?ia ia i?aaieci /aeiaaea e anoue aeaaii?eyoiua oneiaey
aeey aai aeayoaeueiinoe. (no. 1 Caeiia ?NON? i
naieoa?ii-yieaeaieieiae/aneii aeaaiiieo/ee ianaeaiey). Ia aeieth e?oiiuo
ai?iaeia i?eoiaeeony iniiaiay ianna caa?yciaiey aiaeu e aicaeooa. Oae, a
14 ai?iaeao ?innee (Aa?iaoe, A?aone, Aieaia?aae, Aeaoa?eiao?a, Eaia?iai,
Iaaieoiai?ne, Iineaa, Iiaineae?ne, Iine, Oaaa?iane e o.ae.) IAeE
aicaeooa i?aauoaao a 10 ?ac. Ii iauaio aua?inia noi/iuo aiae ec 15
e?oiiuo ai?iaeia ia ia?aii ianoa noieo Iineaa, Naieo-Iaoa?ao?a,
E?aniiy?ne, Naia?a, Iiaineae?ne, ss?ineaaeue, Eacaiue e ae?.

Aineiinaiyieaeiaaeci? ?innee, aai oeaio?u a ?anioaeeeao, e?ayo,
iaeanoyo, ai?iaeao e ?aeiiao, iao/ii-enneaaeiaaoaeueneea o/?aaeaeaiey,
eaai?aoi?ee e ae?oaea o/?aaeaeaiey ninoaaeytho nenoaio i?aaiia
naieoa?ii-cieaeaieieiae/aneie neoaeau ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee. Naie
caaea/e naiyieaeneoaeaa auiieiyao iooai naieoa?iiai ii?ie?iaaiey,
auiieiaiey ?ac?aoeoaeueiuo, iaaeci?iuo e eiio?ieueiuo ooieoeee'.

Naieoa?iia ii?ie?iaaiea ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu au?aaeaaony a onoaiiaeaiee
i?aaeaeueii aeiionoeiuo eiioeaio?aoeee caa?yciythueo aauanoa,
?aaeeiaeoeaiuo eceo/aiee, ooia, aea?aoeee, a?aaeiiai aicaeaenoaey
iaaieoiuo iieae e ae?oaeo oece/aneeo, oeie/aneeo, aeieiae/aneeo
aicaeaenoaee.

?ac?aoeoaeueiua ooieoeee a iaeanoe io?aiu ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu e
caei?iauey /aeiaaea naiyieaeneoaeaa auiieiyao a o?ao oi?iao: 1) auaea/a
caeeth/aiee ia ?aciauaiea i?aaei?eyoee e nii?oaeaiee, eo
oaoieei-yeiiiie/aneia e yeieiae/aneia iainiiaaiea, ia aaiae iauaeoia a
yenieoaoaoeeth; 2) ?ac?aoaiea ia i?eiaiaiea oeie/aneeo e eiuo
oiene/aneeo aauanoa a ioaeaeueiuo io?aneyo ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa; 3)
aaaeaiea ?aaeno?a iioaioeeaeueii iianiuo oeie/aneeo e aeieiae/aneeo
aauanoa.

Iaaeci?iay ooieoeey ninoieo a i?aaiecaoeee nenoaiaoe/aneie i?iaa?ee
niaethaeaiey naieoa?iiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa i?aaei?eyoeyie,
o/?aaeaeaieyie, i?aaiecaoeeyie e aeeoaeyie ai?iaea. *a?ac naoue naieo
eiio?ieueiuo ioieoia (iinoia iaaethaeaiey, eaai?aoi?ee) naiyieaeneoaeaa
ii?aaeaeyao noaiaiue i?aauoaiey onoaiiaeaiiuo ii?i aua?inia
caa?yciythueo aauanoa e a



























































































































































































iaiaoiaeeiuo neo/ayo niiauaao ianoiui e ?anioaeeeaineei i?aaiai.

Eiio?ieueiay ooieoeey naiyieaeneoaeau au?aaeaaony a inouanoaeaiee
nioeeaeueii-aeaeaie/aneiai iiieoi?eiaa. Yoi ainoaea?noaaiiay nenoaia
iaaethaeaiey, ioeaiee e i?iaiice?iaaiey ninoiyiey caei?iauey ianaeaiey a
nayce n ninoiyieai n?aaeu iaeoaiey /aeiaaea. Ia iniiaa naaaeaiee yoie
nenoaiu oi?ie?oaony aaie aeaiiuo i caei?iauea ianaeaiey, oaiaeaioeeyo
aai ?acaeoey iiae aicaeaenoaeai ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu.

?aoaiey, i?eieiaaiua naiyieaeneoaeaie a i?aaeaeao naiae
eiiiaoaioeee, yaeythony iaycaoaeueiuie aeey eniieiaiey anaie i?aaiaie
i?aaenoaaeoaeueiie e eniieieoaeueiie aeanoe, i?aaei?eyoeyie,
o/?aaeaeaieyie, i?aaiecaoeeyie e a?aaeaeaiaie.

Aeieaeiinoiua eeoea naiyieaeneoaeau eiatho i?aai a i?aaeaeao naiae
eiiiaoaioeee e ii aii?inai naiaai aaaeaiey iinauaoue i?aaei?eyoey e
i?aaiecaoeee, o?aaiaaoue i?aaenoaaeaiey niioaaonoaothueo aeaiiuo i
niaethaeaiee naieoa?iuo ii?i e i?aaeaeueii aeiionoeiuo eiioeaio?aoeee
a?aaeiuo aauanoa, aeaaaoue iaycaoaeueiua e eniieiaieth oeacaiey.

Oae aea eae e ae?oaea i?aaiu iaaeci?a, naiyieaeneoaeaa ai?aaa i?eiyoue
?aoaiea i i?einoaiiaeaiee, ia?aie/aiee, i?ae?auaiee aeayoaeueiinoe
iauaeoa, i iaeiaeaiee aaeieieno?aoeaiiai oo?aoa, ia?aaea/a iaoa?eaeia
aeaea i?aaiai neaaenoaey, i?aaeuyaeaiee a noaea eee a?aeo?aaeiii noaea
enea i aiciauaiee oua?aa.

A naiae aeayoaeueiinoe naiyieaeneoaeaa nio?oaeie/aao n
i?aaenoaaeoaeueiuie e eniieieoaeueiuie i?aaiaie aeanoe, a oaeaea
niaoeeaeueii oiieiiii/aiiuie i?aaiaie a iaeanoe io?aiu ie?oaeathuae
i?e?iaeiie n?aaeu ai?iaeneeie eiieoaoaie ii io?aia ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu
Ieii?e?iaeu, a?oeoaeoo?ii-no?ieoaeueiuie ioaeaeaie Ainno?iy ?O, iinoaie
e ioieoaie iaaethaeaiey ?ineiiaeae?iiaoa, ainoaea?noaaiiie
aaoiiiaeeueiie einiaeoeeae.



§ 5. Io?aia caeaiie ?anoeoaeueiinoe a ai?iaeao



Caeaiay ?anoeoaeueiinoue, i?iec?anoathuay a ai?iaeao, ninoaaeyao
nouanoaaiioth /anoue eo ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu. Io aa ianuuaiiinoe caaeneo
ea/anoai ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu. Any caeaiay ?anoeoaeueiinoue a i?aaeaeao
ai?iaeneie /a?ou iiae?acaeaeyaony ia aeaa a?oiiu: eaniay e iaeaniay
?anoeoaeueiinoue.

E eanai, niaeanii no. 2 Iniia eaniiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ?O, ioiineony
?anoeoaeueiinoue, i?iec?anoathuay a ai?iaeao ia caieyo eaniiai oiiaea
(ai?iaeneea eana, eaniia?ee, eaniua ianneau, aoiaeyuea a ai?iaeneoth
/a?oo). Iie iaoiaeyony a aaaeaiee e oi?aaeaiee ianoiie aaeieieno?aoeee e
oaaea?aeueiuo i?aaiia eaniiai oicyenoaa ?ineanoica. Ai?iaeneea eana
iiaoo iaoiaeeoueny a nianoaaiiinoe ainoaea?noaa eee ioieoeeiaeueiie
nianoaaiiinoe. Eiie?aoiay oi?ia nianoaaiiinoe ai?iaeneeo eania
ii?aaeaeyaony ii acaeiiiio niaeaoaieth oaaea?aeueiuo i?aaiia aeanoe e
ianoiie aaeieieno?aoeee.

Ii?yaeie iieueciaaiey ai?iaeneeie eanaie ?aaoee?oaony i?aaeeaie, eioi?ua
ooaa?aeaeathony ?anioaeeeaineeie, e?aaauie eee iaeanoiuie i?aaiaie
eaniiai oicyenoaa. Niaeanii Iniiaai eaniiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa,
ai?iaeneea eana ioiinyony e iniai io?aiyaiui eanai ia?aie a?oiiu. A ieo
cai?auaaony caaioiaea ae?aaaneiu, ?oaea eana aeey i?iiuoeaiiuo eee
auoiauo oeaeae, ?ac?aoaaony i?iaaaeaiea naieoa?iuo ?oaie, ?oaie ooiaea
ca eanii, ?aeiino?oeoeey eaniuo ii?iae.

Ii naiaio oeaeaaiio iacia/aieth ai?iaeneea eana auiieiytho aeaa iniiaiua
ooieoeee yeieiae/aneoth e eoeueoo?ii-icaei?iaeoaeueioth. Yeieiae/aneay
ooieoeey ai?iaeneeo eania ninoieo a iaania/aiee /enoiou ai?iaeneiai
ianneaa, iiiieiaiee ai?iaea caianaie eenei?iaea, ieacaiee aeeyiey ia
iiaiaeo e eeeiao ai?iaeneeo iinaeaiee. Eoeueoo?ii-icaeii?iaeoaeueiay
ooieoeey au?aaeaaony a eniieueciaaiee ianaeaieai eania aeey oe?aieaiey
caei?iauey, ioaeuoa, oo?ecia, nii?oa (no. 50 Iniia eaniiai
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa). Ii niaeaniaaieth n i?aaiaie eaniiai oicyenoaa
ianoiua i?aaiu i?aaenoaaeoaeueiie e eniieieoaeueiie aeanoe ai?aaa
i?eieiaoue ?aoaiey ia i?aaiecaoeee ia oa??eoi?ee eaniiai oiiaea ai?iaea
iaoeeiiaeueiiai i?e?iaeiiai ia?ea, caeacieea, ia iauyaeaiee oao eee eiuo
i?e?iaeiuo iauaeoia iaiyoieeaie i?e?iaeu. Aianoa n oai ianoiui i?aaiai
ai?iaea, oae aea eae e i?aaiai eaniiai oicyenoaa, cai?auaii
eniieueciaaoue caiee ai?iaeneiai eaniiai oiiaea ia ii iacia/aieth
(iai?eia? aeey no?ieoaeuenoaa aeeeuo aeiiia, aea/, eiuo eaieoaeueiuo
nii?oaeaiee). Ia?aaiae eaniuo ieiuaaeae a iaeaniua aeey eniieueciaaiey
eo a oeaeyo, ia naycaiiuo n aaaeaieai eaniiai oicyenoaa, i?iecaiaeeony
oieueei n ?ac?aoaiey i?aaiia oi?aaeaiey eaniui oicyenoaii iaeanoe, e?ay,
?anioaeeee, niaeaniaaiiiai n i?aaiaie io?aiu ie?oaeathuae i?e?iaeiie
n?aaeu.

Aeey ai?iaeneeo eania aeaenoaotho iauea yeieiae/aneea o?aaiaaiey,
i?aaeuyaeyaiua i?e ?aciauaiee, i?iaeoe?iaaiee, no?ieoaeuenoaa, aaiaea a
yenieoaoaoeeth iauaeoia, niiniaiuo ieacaoue yeieiae/anee a?aaeiia
aeeyiea ia ninoiyiea eania. Ianoa no?ieoaeuenoa oaeeo iauaeoia, eo
i?iaeou ca?aiaa niaeaniauaathony n eniieieoaeueiuie i?aaiaie noauaeoia
Oaaea?aoeee e i?aaiaie io?aiu ie?oaeathuae i?e?iaeiie n?aaeu.

E iaeaniie ?anoeoaeueiinoe a ai?iaeao (no. 2 Iniia eaniiai
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa) i?eiaaeeaaeao aea?aauey e a?oiiu aea?aaueaa,
i?iec?anoathueo ia ai?iaeneeo caieyo, ia ioianaiiuo e eaniiio oiiaeo.

Ii naiaio oeaeaaiio iacia/aieth oaeay ?anoeoaeueiinoue iiae?acaeaeyaony
ia caueoioth, icaeaieoaeueioth, aeaei?aoeaioth, ieiaeiai-yaiaeioth e
i?i/oth. Caueoiay ?anoeoaeueiinoue auiieiyao io?aieoaeueiua ooieoeee
aie?oa i?iiuoeaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee (naieoa?ii-caueoiua ciiu), enoi/ieeia
aiaeiniaaaeaiey, aeeeuo aeiiia e eoeueoo?iuo o/?aaeaeaiee.
Icaeaieoaeueiua ianaaeaeaiey auiieiytho yeieiae/aneea ooieoeee, caueuay
aicaeoo io iuee, a?yce, a?aaeiuo aacia, iaiaauay aai eenei?iaeii,
iaania/eaay aeaaii?eyoiue eaiaeoaooiue oii ie?oaeathuae /aeiaaea n?aaea.
Aeaei?aoeaiay ?anoeoaeueiinoue /aua anaai i?aaeiacia/aia aeey auiieiaiey
ynoaoe/aneeo caaea/. Ieiaeiaay ?anoeoaeueiinoue iiieii yeiiiie/aneie
auiieiyao oaeaea aeaei?aoeaioth e ynoaoe/aneoth ooieoeee.

Nianoaaiiinoue ia iaeanioth ?anoeoaeueiinoue ii?aaeaeyaony noaoonii
caieaiieueciaaoaey. Ia?ee, neaa?u, aioaie/aneea, ciieiae/aneea naaeu,
aeaiae?ieiae/aneea ia?ee a ai?iaeao yaeythony ioieoeeiaeueiie
nianoaaiiinoueth e iaoiaeyony a aaaeaiee e ?anii?yaeaiee eniieieoaeueiuo
i?aaiia aeanoe, ooieoeee iaiin?aaenoaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey iieueciaaieai
caeaiie ?anoeoaeueiinoueth auiieiytho ?aciua i?aaiu a caaeneiinoe io
oeaeaaiai iacia/aiey caiaeue. Oae, ia?ee, ciiia?ee iaoiaeyony a aaaeaiee
oi?aaeaiee (ioaeaeia) eoeueoo?u; neaa?u, aeaiae?ieiae/aneea ia?ee
oi?aaeaiee (ioaeaeia) icaeaieoaeueiiai oicyenoaa; ieiaeiai-yaiaeiua,
icaeaieoaeueiua e ae?oaea aea?aauey, iaoiaeyueany ia caieyo a?aaeaeai,
yaeythony eo nianoaaiiinoueth.

Caiaeueiue eiaeaen ?NON? (no. 74) iaycuaaao anao nianoaaiieeia,
iieueciaaoaeae eeai a?aiaeaoi?ia caiaeueiuo o/anoeia i?iaiaeeoue
eiiieaen iaiaoiaeeiuo ?aaio ii aeaaiono?ienoao e icaeaiaieth caiaeue
ai?iaea* e iinaeeia. I?aaiecaoeee e a?aaeaeaia iaycaiu nio?aiyoue
caeaiua ianaaeaeaiey a niioaaonoaee n nouanoaothueie i?aaeeaie e
iiaeaea?aeeaaoue cae?aieaiioth ca ieie oa??eoi?eth a o?aaoaiii
naieoa?iii e i?ioeaiiiaea?iii ninoiyiee.

Ii aeaenoaothuaio caeiiiaeaoaeuenoao ca oie/oiaeaiea, iia?aaeaeaiea
caueoiie e ae?oaie ?anoeoaeueiinoe, ia aoiaeyuae a eaniie oiiae,
aeiiaiua eeoea ianoo ioaaonoaaiiinoue eae ca oie/oiaeaiea, iia?aaeaeaiea
eania iniai io?aiyaiuo oa??eoi?ee (no. 84 Iniia eaniiai
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa). Iai?eia?, ii aeaenoaothuei n 1992 a. oaenai
(iinoaiiaeaiea I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O io 5 oaa?aey 1992 a., ? 67) aeey
en/eneaiey ?acia?a acuneaiey ca oua?a, i?e/eiaiiue eaniiio oicyenoao, ca
iacaeiiioth ii?oaeo, oie/oiaeaiea aea?aaueaa aei noaiaie i?ae?auaiey
?inoa ii eneo i?aaiia eaniiai oicyenoaa e ?aoaieth noaea acuneeaaaony
aeanyoee?aoiay oaeniaay noieiinoue ae?aaaneiu iacaeiiii n?oaeaiiuo,
oie/oiaeaiiuo aea?aaueaa, naiee?aoiay noieiinoue ae?aaaneiu i?e
iacaeiiiii oie/oiaeaiee eee iia?aaeaeaiee aei noaiaie i?ae?auaiey ?inoa.
Iiaeiaiay ioaaonoaaiiinoue ioiineony e ?aciiaeaeiinoe
a?aaeaeainei-i?aaiaie ioaaonoaaiiinoe. Iiieii iaa aeiiaiia eeoei eee
i?aaiecaoeey i?eaeaeathony e aaeieieno?aoeaiie ioaaonoaaiiinoe a aeaea
iaeiaeaiey aaeieieno?aoeaiiai oo?aoa. Oo?ao acuneeaaaony ii ?aoaieth
ai?eanoica n i?aaii iaaeaeiaaiey a noae.

Caeaiie ?anoeoaeueiinoueth, i?iec?anoathuae ia i?eaeiiiauo, aea/iuo,
naaeiauo o/anoeao (yaeythuaeny /anoiie nianoaaiiinoueth), a?aaeaeaia
?anii?yaeathony ii naiaio oniio?aieth, anee, ?acoiaaony, iie ia
iinyaatho ia eioa?anu ae?oaeo nianoaaiieeia e caaea/e io?aiu
ie?oaeathuae i?e?iaeiie n?aaeu.



§ 6. Ainoaea?noaaiiue yeieiae/aneee eiio?ieue ca io?aiie

ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu ai?iaeia



Eiiiaoaioeey oa??eoi?eaeueiuo ai?iaeneeo i?aaiia io?aiu ie?oaeathuae
n?aaeu iaicia/aia a aeaoo caeiiiaeaoaeueiuo aeieoiaioao a Caeiia ?NON?
ia i?aaiao naiioi?aaeaiey a ?NON? e Caeiia ?O ia io?aia ie?oaeathuae
i?e?iaeiie n?aaeu (no. 10).

Ia iniiaa Eiinoeoooeee ?O e oaaea?aoeaiiai aeiaiai?a, aaea iaeanoe
i?e?iaeiiieueciaaiey e io?aiu ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu, yeieiae/aneie
aaciianiinoe iauyaeaiu noa?ie niaianoiie eiiiaoaioeee Oaaea?aoeee e
noauaeoia oaaea?aoeee, noauaeou Oaaea?aoeee ai?aaa n o/aoii nianoaaiiiai
i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey aiineoue oa eee eiua aeiiieiaiey a eiiiaoaioeeth
i?aaiia yeieiae/aneiai oi?aaeaiey e eo no?oeoo?o.

Aiaeec no?oeoo?u eiieoaoia io?aiu ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu (eiiaaea iie
iacuaathony eiieoaoaie io?aiu i?e?iaeu, yeieiaee e i?e?iaeiiieueciaaiey)
iieacuaaao, /oi a e?oiiuo ai?iaeao (iaeanoiuo, e?aaauo oeaio?ao,
noieeoeao ?anioaeee) iie eiatho o?ao-iyoecaaiioth no?oeoo?o:
ieaiiai-eii?aeeiaoeeiiiue oeaio?, ii?iaoeaiue ioaeae, ioaeae
eiio?ieueii-einiaeoeeiiiue e yeieiae/aneie yenia?oecu, ai?iaeneie
yeieiae/aneee oiiae, ioaeae i?iiaaaiaeu (eioi?iaoeee).

Aeey Eiieoaoa io?aiu ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu ai?iaea naienoaaiiu neaaeothuea
ooieoeee:

o/aoiay: o/ao i?e?iaeiuo ?ano?nia ai?iaea e eo eciaiaiey, aua?anuaaaiuo
iooiaeia e iano ii eo ?aciauaieth;

ieaiiai-eii?aeeiaoeeiiiay: ieaie?iaaiea ai?iaeneeo
i?e?iaeiio?aieoaeueiuo ia?ii?eyoey ia iniiaa eii?aeeiaoeee yeieiae/aneie
aeayoaeueiinoe io?aneaauo i?e?iaeiio?aiiuo neoaea;

ii?ie?iai/iay: ?ac?aaioea ii?iaoeaia aua?inia, na?inia a?aaeiuo aauanoa
aeey i?aaei?eyoee, ii?i caoi?iiaiey oaa?aeuo iooiaeia, ii?aaeaeaiea
ieaoaaeae ca iieueciaaiea ?ano?naie e caa?yciaiea ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu;

einiaeoeeiiiay: i?aaiecaoeey i?iaa?ee e eiio?iey ca auiieiaieai
yeieiae/aneeo ii?iaoeaia e yeieiai-i?aaiauo ii?i;

oeiainiaay: oi?ie?iaaiea aiaathaeaeaoiiai yeieiae/aneiai oiiaea e
eiio?ieue aai ?anoiaeiaaiey;

eioi?iaoeeiiiay: yeieiae/aneia i?inaauaiea, ainieoaiea, yeieiae/aneay
eioi?iaoeey ianaeaiey;

?ac?aoeoaeueiay: auaea/a ?ac?aoaiee, eeoeaicee ia ?aciauaiea a?aaeiuo
aauanoa, ia niaoeeaeueiia e iainiaeaiiia aiaeiiieueciaaiea, auaic ca
?oaaae iaeioi?uo aeaeia aeeaioiiai ie?a, aua?in a?aaeiuo aauanoa,
i?iaaaeaiea ainoaea?noaaiiie yeieiae/aneie yenia?oecu;

eiio?ieueiay aeiaieueii oe?ieay ooieoeey, caaenyuay io ianoiuo oneiaee,
a eiaiii:

A iaeanoe io?aiu caiaeue Eiieoao ii io?aia ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu aaaeao
eiio?ieue ca ?aoeeiiaeueiui eniieueciaaieai caiaeue, iainiiaaiiinoueth
ioaiaeia aeey oicyenoaaiiiai no?ieoaeuenoaa naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo
caiaeue; aianoa n ?ineiicaiii o/eouaaao aeaa?aaee?iaaiiua e caa?yciaiiua
caiee, i?eieiaao ia?u ii eo ainnoaiiaeaieth; niaianoii n i?aaiaie
Aineiinaiyieaeiaaeci?a aaaeao o/ao e ?aaeno?aoeeth iioaioeeaeueii
iianiuo oeie/aneeo e aeieiae/aneeo aauanoa.

A iaeanoe io?aiu iaae? Eiieoao auaeaao ?ac?aoaiea ia iiene e ?ac?aaioeo
iaua?ani?ino?aiaiiuo iieaciuo eneiiaaiuo, aianoa n Eiieoaoii ?O ii
aiaeiiio oicyenoao auaeaao eeoeaicee ia niaoeeaeueiia e iainiaeaiiia
aiaeiiieueciaaiea; niaianoii n Eiieoaoii ii aaieiaee e eniieueciaaieth
iaae? auaeaao ?ac?aoaiey ia ?ac?aaioeo iiaecaiiuo aiae e
aiaeiiio?aaeaiea.

A iaeanoe io?aiu aiae Eiieoao niaianoii n Eiieoaoii ii aiaeiiio
oicyenoao auaeaao ?ac?aoaiea ia niaoeeaeueiia e iainiaeaiiia
aiaeiiieueciaaiea iiaa?oiinoiuie aiaeaie; niaianoii n oeaio?aie
naiyieaeiaaeci?a aeaao ?ac?aoaiea ia na?in noi/iuo aiae, aaaeao
eiio?ieue ca niaethaeaieai ii?iaoeaia aua?inia caa?yciythueo aauanoa a
aiaeiaiu.

A iaeanoe io?aiu eania Eiieoao niaianoii n ai?iaeneei eanoicii
onoaiaaeeaaao iauai au?oaee ae?aaaneiu niia?acii aa aiaeiaiio i?e?inoo
(?an/aoiay eaninaea), ii?aaeaeyao eaniiieueciaaoaeae e
eanicaaioiaeoaeae, ooaa?aeaeaao iauaiu ?aaio ii aini?iecaiaenoao eana e
aaaeaieth eaniiai oicyenoaa.

A iaeanoe io?aiu aeeaioiiai ie?a Eiieoao niaianoii n ?aeiiiuie i?aaiaie
ioiou ii?aaeaeyao iauaiu iono?aea aeeeeo caa?ae e ioeoe, aianoa n
?aeiiiui eiieoaoii ii io?aia ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu ooaa?aeaeaao
ia?ii?eyoey ii io?aia e aini?iecaiaenoao aeeeiai aeeaioiiai ie?a a
?aeiia.

A iaeanoe io?aiu ?uaiuo caiania aianoa n ?aeiiiuie, ai?iaeneeie eee
iaae?aeiiiuie einiaeoi?aie ?uaiie io?aiu ooaa?aeaeatho ii?yaeie
i?iaaaeaiey ethaeoaeueneiai e nii?oeaiiai ?uaieianoaa, nienie
?uaioicyenoaaiiuo aiaeiaiia, eeieou aueiaa ?uau e eo aeaeia.

A iaeanoe io?aiu aoiinoa?iiai aicaeooa niaianoii n oeaio?aie
naiyieaeiaaeci?a onoaiaaeeaaao eeieou aua?inia a?aaeiuo aauanoa, eo
nooi/iua ii?iaoeau, ooaa?aeaeaao ?acia?u ieaoaaeae ca caa?yciaiea a
yeieiae/aneea oiiaeu, i?iaa?yao niaethaeaiea i?aaei?eyoeyie e
i?aaiecaoeeyie auiieiaiea ii?iaoeaia aua?inia a?aaeiuo aauanoa.

A iaeanoe naieoa?iie io?aiu ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu niaianoii n oeaio?aie
naiyieaeiaaeci?a Eiieoao ii?aaeaeyao ianoa aeey ?aciauaiey,
neeaaee?iaaiey e caoi?iiaiey i?iecaiaenoaaiii-auoiauo iooiaeia.

Aianoa ni n?aaenoaaie ianniaie eioi?iaoeee, o/aaiuie caaaaeaieyie,
oeaio?aie eoeueoo?u Eiieoao i?aaiecoao i?iiaaaiaeo yeieiae/aneeo ciaiee,
inouanoaeyao yeieiae/aneoth eioi?iaoeeth ianaeaiey.

Caeiiii ?O ia io?aia ie?oaeathuae i?e?iaeiie n?aaeu (no. 84) Eiieoaoai
io?aiu ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu e i?aaiai naiyieaeiaaeci?a i?aaeinoaaeaii
i?aai i?eaeaeaoue aeiiaiuo i?aaiecaoeee e eeoe ca niaa?oaiea
yeieiae/aneeo i?aaiia?ooaiee e aaeieieno?aoeaiie ioaaonoaaiiinoe a aeaea
oo?aoa. I?aai iaeiaeaiey aaeieieno?aoeaiiai oo?aoa i?aaeinoaaeaii
aeieaeiinoiui eeoeai Eiieoaoa aac ia?auaiey a noae eee eiienneth.

Ii ?iaeo naiae aeayoaeueiinoe Eiieoao iaoiaeeony a iinoiyiiii
acaeiiaeaenoaee n ae?oaeie ioaeaeaie, oi?aaeaieyie, neoaeaaie ai?iaea,
eioi?ua caieiathony io?aneaauie eeai ooieoeeiiaeueiuie aii?inaie io?aiu
ai?iaeneie n?aaeu. Iniiaiuie n?aaee ieo yaeythony neoaeau caiaeueiuo
?ano?nia, aiaeiiai oicyenoaa, io?aiu eania e iaeaniie ai?iaeneie
?anoeoaeueiinoe, aeae?iiaoaieiio?iey, aioo?aiieo aeae, aoiiiiai iaaeci?a
e yaea?iie aaciianiinoe (ni. noaio ia n. 461).



§ 7. I?aaiaay io?aia ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu cae?uoiai
aaeieieno?aoeaii-oa??eoi?eaeueiiai ia?aciaaiey



Cae?uoui aaeieieno?aoeaii-oa??eoi?eaeueiui ia?aciaaieai (CAOI)
i?eciaaony eiathuaa i?aaiu ianoiiai naiioi?aaeaiey oa??eoi?eaeueiia
ia?aciaaiea, a i?aaeaeao eioi?iai ?aniieiaeaiu i?iiuoeaiiua i?aaei?eyoey
ii ia?a?aaioea, ecaioiaeaieth, o?aiaieth, ooeeecaoeee i?oaeey ianniaiai
ii?aaeaiey, ia?a?aaioea ?aaeeiaeoeaiuo e ae?oaeo iaoa?eaeia, aiaiiua e
eiua iauaeou, aeey eioi?uo iaiaoiaeei iniaue ?aaeei aaciianiiai
ooieoeeiie?iaaiey e io?aiu ainoaea?noaaiiie oaeiu, aeeth/athuee
niaoeeaeueiua oneiaey i?iaeeaaiey a?aaeaeai.

CAOI ?anniao?eaaaony eae aaeieieno?aoeaii-oa??eoi?eaeueiay aaeeieoea ni
naieie i?aaiaie oi?aaeaiey. Oaeie aaeeieoeae iiaeao auoue ai?iae,
iinaeie ai?iaeneiai oeia, ioaeaeueii ooieoeeiie?othuee iauaeo (noaioeey,
onoaiiaea e o.i.). I?aaiaie ?aaeei CAOI ii?aaeaeyaony Caeiiii ?O,
i?eiyoui 14 ethey 1992 a. Niaeanii aio, CAOI ia?acoaony ii ?aoaieth
aunoeo i?aaenoaaeoaeueiuo i?aaiia ?inneeneie oaaea?aoeee ii aii?inai
iaania/aiey iniaiai ?aaeeia e iaoiaeeony a aaaeaiee oaaea?aeueiuo
i?aaiia ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe'.

Iniaue ?aaeei aaciianiiai ooieoeeiie?iaaiey i?aaei?eyoee e eiuo iauaeoia
a CAOI aeeeooao onoaiiaeaiea ia?aie/aiee ia auacae e iinoiyiiia
i?iaeeaaiea a?aaeaeai, ia?aciaaiea eiio?iee?oaiuo cii ia a?aieoea ?aeiia
eee aioo?e aai, ia?aie/aiey iieaoia, ae?oaea ia?aie/aiey, eioi?ua iiaoo
aaiaeeoueny ianoiie aaeieieno?aoeeae.

Caiee CAOI iiaoo aeeth/aoue a naay caiee ai?iaeia, iinaeeia e naeueneeo
ianaeaiiuo ioieoia. Caiee, caieiaaiua i?aaei?eyoeyie e eiuie iauaeoaie,
iaoiaeyony a oaaea?aeueiie nianoaaiiinoe, caiee, eniieuecoaiua aeey
oaeiaeaoai?aiey ianoiuo ioaeae, ia?acotho ioieoeeiaeueioth
nianoaaiiinoue. Ii ia?a iaaeiaiinoe ianoiay aaeieieno?aoeey iiaeao
auaeaeyoue caiaeueiua o/anoee n iniaui ?aaeeiii caieaiieueciaaiey.
I?aaiu ainoaea?noaaiiie eniieieoaeueiie aeanoe i?eieiatho ia?u ii
i?aaeinoaaeaieth a?aaeaeaiai caiaeueiuo o/anoeia aioo?e CAOI eee ca aai
i?aaeaeaie aeey caiyoey naaeiaiaenoaii, iai?iaeie/anoaii, aeey aea/iiai
eee aeeeeuiiai no?ieoaeuenoaa.

I?aaiu ianoiiai naiioi?aaeaiey CAOI eii?aeeie?otho
aeayoaeueiinoue i?aaei?eyoee e i?aaiecaoeee i?e oa?ica aicieeiiaaiey
/?acau/aeiuo neooaoeee, ?ac?aaaouaatho noaiu iiiaauaiey e yaaeoaoeee
ianaeaiey i?e aaa?eyo e eaoano?ioao e i?eieiaao ia?u ii nianaieth aeecie
e io?aia caei?iauey ethaeae i?e /?acau/aeiuo ianoiyoaeuenoaao.

Ianoiua i?aaiu /a?ac oeaio?u naieoa?ii-yieaeaieieiae/aneie neoaeau e
i?aaiu ainoaea?noaaiiiai yeieiae/aneiai eiio?iey aaaeoo eiio?ieue ca
auiieiaieai naieoa?iuo e yeieiae/aneeo ii?i aaciianiinoe e ninoiyieai
ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu, eioi?ie?otho i ?acoeueoaoao iiaeiaiuo i?iaa?ie.

Oeiaine?iaaiea CAOI inouanoaeyaony ii iiiaei enoi/ieeai: io/eneaiey ec
oaaea?aeueiiai athaeaeaoa, noaneaeee ec ianoiuo n?aaenoa, eueaiou ii
iaeiaai. Ia iaiaa 10 % io cao?ao ia i?iecaiaenoaaiiia no?ieoaeuenoai
iai?aaeythony ia nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneia ?acaeoea oa??eoi?ee, a oii
/enea ia io?aio caei?iauey e yeieiaeth.

A?aaeaeaia, i?iaeeaathuea e ?aaioathuea a CAOI, iiaeeaaeao
iaycaoaeueiiio aanieaoiiio ainoaea?noaaiiiio no?aoiaaieth ia neo/ae
i?e/eiaiey oua?aa eo aeecie, caei?iaueth e eiouanoao ec-ca
?aaeeaoeeiiiiai eee eiiai aicaeaenoaey i?e aaa?ee ia i?aaei?eyoeyo e
eiuo iauaeoao. I?e eeeaeaeaoeee i?aaei?eyoey eee ia?ai?ioeee?iaaiee
i?iecaiaenoaa aunaiaiaeaeaaiua ?aaioieee eiatho i?aai ia aein?i/iue (ii
ia iaiaa /ai ca aeaa aiaea) auoiae ia iaineth.

















































































































































































































































































































§ 8. I?aaiaie ?aaeei caeaiuo cii ai?iaeia



Caeii ?O ia io?aia ie?oaeathuae i?e?iaeiie n?aaeu (no. 67) onoaiaaeeaaao
iauaa i?aaeei: aie?oa ai?iaeia e i?iiuoeaiiuo iinaeeia auaeaeythony
i?eai?iaeiua caeaiua ciiu. Iie aeeth/atho i?eai?iaeiua eana,
eaniia?eiaua caueoiua iiyna, auiieiytho n?aaeicaueoiua (yeieiae/aneea)
naieoa?ii-aeaeaie/aneea, ?ae?aaoeeiiiua, icaei?iaeoaeueiua ooieoeee.

Iniaaiiinoueth eo i?aaiaiai ?aaeeia, ioia/aiiie a Caeiia, yaeyaony
cai?ao oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, io?eoeaoaeueii aeeythuae ia
yeieiae/aneoth ianoaiiaeo. I?aaiecaoeey caeaiuo cii ai?iaeia
?aaeaiaioe?oaony a ainoaea?noaaiiii noaiaea?oa (AINO 17.5.3.0178. Ninoaa
e ?acia? caeaiuo cii ai?iaeia).

Caeaiua ciiu auaeaeythony aeey ai?iaeia n ianaeaieai nauoa 100 oun.
/aeiaae. Eo ieieiaeueiue ?acia? 10 aa eaniia?eiaie /anoe ia 1 ouny/o
/aeiaae. Iaeneiaeueiue ?acia? ciiu aeey ai?iaeia n ianaeaieai nauoa 500
aei 1 iei /aeiaae 25 aa ia 1 oun. /aeiaae.

Eana caeaiuo cii ioiinyony e ia?aie a?oiia. Oa??eoi?ey, caieiaaiay
caeaiie ciiie, ia?acoaony ia caieyo eaniiai oiiaea, ?aniieiaeaiiuo ca
ai?iaeneie /a?oie. A ninoaaa oaeie ciiu o/eouaathony ciiu naieoa?iie
io?aiu eo?i?oia, enoi/ieeia aiaeiniaaaeaiey, caueoiuo iiein aaeieue
aeaeaciuo e aaoiiiaeeueiuo aei?ia. Aeey ai?iaeia, aaea ionoonoaoao
eaniay ?anoeoaeueiinoue, caeaiua ciiu nicaeathony eneonnoaaiiui iooai ia
caieyo, ia i?eaiaeiuo aeey naeueneiai oicyenoaa.

Eiio?ieue ca ninoiyieai eania caeaiuo cii ai?iaeia aaaeoo
niioaaonoaothuea eanoicu, aaaeathuea e oi?aaeythuea yoie /anoueth
eaniiai oiiaea. Ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca iacaeiiiia oie/oiaeaiea eee
iia?aaeaeaiea ae?aaanii-eonoa?ieeiaie ?anoeoaeueiinoe caeaiuo cii
ianooiaao eae ca eaniia?ooaiey, niaa?oaiiua a eanao ia?aie a?oiiu.

Niaeanii /. 1 no. 169 OE ?NON? ca naiiaieueioth ii?oaeo
ae?aaanii-eonoa?ieeiaie ?anoeoaeueiinoe caeaiuo cii ai?iaeia, anee noiia
oua?aa i?aauoaao iaeei ?acia? ieieiaeueiie iieaou o?oaea, aeiiaiua eeoea
i?eaeaeathony e oaieiaiie ioaaonoaaiiinoe, anee noiia oua?aa iaiaa
oeacaiiie noiiu ianooiaao aaeieieno?aoeaiay ioaaonoaaiiinoue a aeaea
oo?aoa a iauaia e?aoiiai ?acia?a ieieiaeueiie iieaou o?oaea.

Ii iinoaiiaeaieth I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O io 5 oaa?aey 1992 a. ? 67 n aeiiaiuo
a iacaeiiiii oie/oiaeaiee, iia?aaeaeaiee eaniie ?anoeoaeueiinoe caeaiuo
cii ii ?aoaieth noaea, a?aeo?aaeiiai noaea acuneeaaaony oua?a
10-e?aoiay oaeniaay noieiinoue ae?aaaneiu.

Ii ?aoaieth ianoiie aaeieieno?aoeee oicyenoaaiiia eee aeeeeuiia
no?ieoaeuenoai, i?e/eiythuaa a?aae eaniiio oicyenoao caeaiie ciiu,
io?eoeaoaeueii aeeythuaa ia auiieiaiea ath n?aaeicaueoiuo e
yeieiae/aneeo ooieoeee, eiua oicyenoaaiiua aeaenoaey eee ?ae?aaoeeiiiay
aeayoaeueiinoue n iiaeiaiuie iineaaenoaeyie iiaoo auoue i?einoaiiaeaiu
eeai i?ae?auaiu, a i?e/eiaiiua oauoee acuneaiu ii ?aoaieth noaea,
a?aeo?aaeiiai noaea.