Анализ и оценка аппаратных средств современных ПЭВМ
:
. 19301
..
:
...
1997
,
. , 70-
,
, ,
. 1971 . ,
.
Intel
- (. ), .
-
, , , ,
. ,
, ,
(
- -)
, . ,
,
.
15 1971 . .
Intel 4004 - ,
.
, Intel
, 25
.
, :
80286
i80286 1 1982 .
.
16- , 36
(i8086)
8 .
. 24
16
.
. , i80286
1 .
- .
i8086
, ,
,
.
,
.
32-
32- i80386 17
1985 . .
- 1
275 .
32- . 32
4
64 .
, .
, 16 ,
.
, 3 - 4 . ,
6 - 8 i8086.
,
.
( ,
i8086.
i8086 i80286,
. i80386
86- ,
i8086,
.
32-
, ,
,
,
.
, 1 .
,
. 4
, 64 .
.
,
. i8086, i80286
80386. , 386- ,
1 ,
i8086.
10 1989 . Intel 32
- i80486,
i8080 !8086 .
Pentium
.
RISC-.
80-
ISC, Intel ,
ISC-. ,
-
.
, ,
486- .
(
),
486D.
5-
, .
. ,
RISC-,
Pentium .
,
256- .
32-,
64-
528 /.
,
.
Pentium -
486DX2/50 -
486DX/33.
Pentium Pro
27 1995 . Intel ,
Pentium Pro. CISC-
, ,
,
(,
).
5- ,
Pentium. , 14
.
(133 ).
.
,
, Pentium Pro
, 512 . ,
256 ,
, .
64- ,
.
,
.
, Pentium Pro
, .
PCI
PCI-2.0. PCI
,
, , I
Bridge I Host Concurrent Bus,
- PCI-.
CHIPSET
chipset Triton Intel,
,
Pentium (90, 100,
120 MHz . .).
Triton (82430FX PCIset) :
1 12.0 (Triton VX 1 2.1);
50/ 60/ 66 MHz;
1 25/30/33 MHz;
256 512 KB - pipeline burst SRAM,
SRAM;
4 128 MB EDO DRAM FPM DRAM;
Bus Master IDE 4 (
PIO mode 4 MultiWord DMA mode 2).
, chipset
Triton , ,
Pentium, 5 1 AMD Cyrix.
Chipset Acer Laboratory Inc. Aladdin M1511/12/13
,
. Pentium ( 60/66 MHz 5V 150
MHz, 2.5 V). Cyrix
1 AMD 5. pipeline burst SRAM EDO DRAM.
Enhanced IDE.
chipset 486, ALI 1489 ,
, Pentium, ,
EDO DRAM,
MISC Cyrix Enhanced 486 AMD.
Pentium
90/100 MHz, 120, 133, 150 MHz,
155, 167, 180 200 MHz. ,
,
, , Voltage
Regulator Module VRM ( ).
Enhanced IDE 4
PIO mode 3, 4 DMA Mode 2 (Bus Master
IDE). , Pentium,
486, - Enhanced
Ports. ,
UART 16550 FIFO ,
.
Infrared (IrDA).
5- . IrDA
115 kbps.
(notebook, laptop),
.
AII-In-One,
, ,
, , Intel.
All-In-One
slim, ultra slim, super slim ,
,
. ,
,
(
AII-In-One). , , SCSI-
.
PENTIUM
ASUSTeK Pentium,
, .
chipset Intel (Triton, Neptune), SiS.
BIOS AWARD SCSI BIOS NCR,
Flash EPROM 1 M bit.
: 1/1-554 54
75, 90, 100, 120, 133, 150 MHz. chipset
Intel Triton. Bus Master Enhanced IDE
10 mode 3 4 DMA mode 2.
- Enhanced Ports. BIOS Award
Plug&Play. MediaBus,
1
, , (
MediaBus ISA,
).
486
ASUSTeK ,
. 486. chipset
Intel SiS.
Intel ( Pentium OverDrive 24), AMD, Cyrix, UMC.
VLB,
486, 1,
, . VLB
, 1. PVI-486SP3 (
PCI/VLB/ISA) chipset SiS 85496&85497,
BIOS Award 512 KB -.
. PVI-486AP4 chipset
Intel Green PC 824.20EX PCIset (Intel Aries) Enhanced
IDE . VL/1-486SV2GX4
SiS 471 VLB (2 ).
- - 1.
PVI Plug&Play, upgrade
BIOS.
,
, .
,
,
, .
.
, -
. ,
,
.
, . -
.
,
, .
, -
,
,
. ,
,
.
. ,
, ,
, ,
.
: ,
.
,
. ,
, .
,
RAM (Random Access Memoiy).
RAM
.
,
.
- ROM (Read Only Memory),
, ' .
,
.
.
() (ROM),
,
(Programmable ROM) (Erasable
PROM).
. ROM
-.
EPROM
..
.
, , ,
.
,
,
.
IBM-
,
. (DRAM, Dynamic Random Access Memory).
( )
,
.
(- ; ), , ,
] ,
(refresh cycle). ,
, , ,
, ,
,
(SRAM, Static RAM).
.
, ,
. , , .
DIP (Dual In line Package), SIP/SIPP
(Single In line Pin Package) SIMM (Single In line Mernory
Module).
DIP-. SIMM
() , SIP .
IBM PC/XT i8086 20
1 . ,
,
10 ( 64 )
.
640 . 640
IBM-
(conventional memory). 384
(UMB, Upper Memory Blocks).
ROM BIOS (Read Only Basic Input Output
System), ROM-, .
, anded-
UMB
. , ,
ROM BIOS
ROM. EMS
(Expanded Memory Specification), Lotus Development,
Intel Microsoft ( LIM-)
1985 .
640 .
() .
(page frame) 64-,
16- .
16-
expanded- 16- .
, ( 1
),
. LIM/EMS 4.0
2048
32 . , EMS,
, 16
. UMB.
, ,
.
Pa, anded-
, i80286 24-
, 16 ,
i80386/486 4 .
(protected mode),
MS DOS .
1 .
extended-
. i80386/486
, i80286.
.
i80386
.
-
-
, ,
. -
,
.
, , , 33
, 30 .
60
80 . , , ,
2-3 (.. 2-3
),
. ,
.
, ,
, , .
, -,
. h
, . , ,
-: , , ,
, , -
(.. ) . ,
-
.
- ,
,
, -
.
.
-,
,
.
-
,
( ).
SR
. ,
;
, .
,
, . ,
. ,
1, 0.
( ) ,
.
,
-.
: , . ,
- , -
, .
, ,
.
--
. ,
. ,
.
. ,
,
,
. -
.
Write Through, ,
,
-.
. , , ,
. -
. , -
.
Buffered Write Through Write
Through .
- ,
, FIFO (First
Input-First Output). ,
(..
), .
. ,
,
.
.
Write Back,
, -,
. -
, .
, -
, -
(cache-line).
- ,
,
. - ,
. :
- ,
.
,
(.., ,
). - 4-
, , , i486.
.
BIOS CMOS RAM
- BIOS (Basic Input Output System)
, -,
,
, . ,
IBM- BIOS .
, , ,
,
.
, BIOS,
,
POST (Power-On-Self-Test)
.
.
BIOS IBM-
, .
BIOS -.
BIOS , , Intel, Mylex,
Compaq ..
,
.
ROM BIOS IBM
(.. ),
BIOS
, BIOS , ,
. :
American Megatrends Inc. (AMI), Award Software Phoenix Technologies.
CMOS RAM
BIOS , i80286
, (CMOS RAM),
,
, : ,
..
BIOS. CMOS RAM ,
(CMOS - Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor)
, , .
BIOS , Setup,
CMOS-.
,
.
Setup BIOS.
, (Standard CMOS Setup)
(, , ),
(, , ), (
), , ,
. ,
Keyboard Not Installed,
.
(Advanced CMOS Setup Advanced ChipSet Setup)
. , , ,
( 15
), , 1
, Weitek,
(..
,
),
, .. ,
(shadow)
ROM BIOS, ROM BIOS ,
. ,
,
( )
-, / -.
, CMOS RAM (
) Setup
(BIOS Setup Default
Values), ROM BIOS.
32-
.
. 33-40 ,
486 (486DX2-66/80 486DX4-100/120), 50-66
Pentium (Pentium 75/90/100/120/133),
.
DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory),
-.
-
- (),
, DRAM, SRAM (Static
RAM). SRAM.
, -
.
-,
.
.
.
Windows
Winstone,
Windows. 1.
- (
)
SRAM. 33
15-20 ns.
50 .
(12-8 ns)
, Bi-CMOS
CMOS, .
,
. SRAM.
,
, , .
,
, .
20%.
SRAM
(pipelined burst).
,
. 66 (Pentium 100 Pentium 133)
1. -
3 , 1.
, ,
.
60-70 ns.
DRAM Fast Page Mode (FPM),
(
) .
, FPM DRAM
. FPM DRAM 60-70 ns
33-40 .
.
- EDO DRAM (Extended Data Output
DRAM).
.
,
,
(
30 ns
45 ns FPM).
,
DRAM
-. Cached DRAM (CDRAM) Enhanced DRAM (EDRAM).
CDRAM Mitsubishi 16 KB -
4, 16 Mbit ,
- 128 .
,
-
( - write back),
CDRAM Enhanced DRAM,
.
-
- . EDO
DRAM. ,
16 Mbit .
FPM DRAM
.
,
- SIMM (Single In-line Memory Module),
.
.
,
, ,
. ,
, .
SIMM , ,
DIMM (Dual In-line Memory Module),
, SIMM,
, .
DIP SOJ. pipelined burst
,
.
, ,
Quantum, Seagate, Conner,
Western Digital, Maxtor .
IDE
.
(400 Mbit )
, (), 540 MB.
,
, .
: 540 MB, 1.0, 1.6, 2.2 GB . .
,
, - .
,
IBM Fujitsu.
. , Maxtor
cep Durarigo (540 MB, 1 GB 1.6 GB)
Proximity recording -
Tripad ()
. ,
, ,
, . , .
Maxtor,
PRML
1000 Mbit .
Enhanced IDE, ,
,
SCSI , . ,
, -3, ,
, (command overlapping and
queuing, predictive failure analysis bit ),
SCSI
, .
SCSI
90% , ,
Enhanced IDE, 10% SCSI, ,
, SCSI 90%.
SCSI
, ,
IDE, SCSI
.
, ,
Enhanced IDE. , .
,
, .
.
PRML (
IBM Fujitsu )
.
4-8 GB
(IBM 3.5" 20 GB) - 512-1024
KB, 7200 / 10 ms.
, Fast SCSI-2
10 MB/s Fast Wide SCSI-2 (SCSI-3) 20 MB/s, Ultra
SCSI (40 MB/s).
multimedia
/ ,
.
, . ,
/ .
, ,
, .
-
, ,
.
- , .
Microplis.
IBM, Fujitsu, Seagate,
Quantum.
,
,
.
.
.
.
/ .
(. . )
.
/
. , Micropolis
. Seagate ,
/, .
Decathlon - SCSI, - Fast
ATA (Enhanced ide).
/
.
Microplis 2.9 MB/s, Gold Line
4 MB/s. IBM Ultrastar AV 5
MB/s.
2.5" 1.8"
,
. PCMCIA
- 1.8"
notebook laptop,
. ,
- .
-,
- 2.5",
1 GB. Maxtor,
, know how,
1.8" MobileMax, 2.5" ,
, . Laramie
Enhanced IDE 12.5 837 MB,
1GB 1.34 GB. proximity recording
.
Fujitsu 2.5" Hornet 5 6,
PRML. 508 MB, 768
MB 1 GB, Enhanced IDE Fast SCSI-2.
.
SCSI notebook
Apple, ,
RAID-.
SCSI, Enhanced IDE,
.
, 1
000 000 . , ,
MTBF (Mean Time Between Failure), ,
,
.
(RAID Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks).
RAID. , ,
, .
, SCSI ,
,
RAID (
, ).
, ,
, SMART (Self-Monitoring, Analysis nd Reporting
Technology).
-
ca. SMART
,
,
, , .
, .
"" , /.
Seagate Quantum SMART
. SMART,
, ,
- .
, ,
,
(True Color, . . 24 bit 16.7 . ),
.
, , . ,
, ,
, .
,
.
"" ,
,
.
multimedia
MPEG-.
,
.
,
, .
( Windows
).
DCI-1.0 Windows -.
,
, , .
Video CD
MPEG-1 (
Pentium 90 ).
, , ,
MPEG- .
Chipset
chipset S3, ATI,
Cirrus Logic, Trident
Windows
,
EDO DRAM.
-
,
VRAM WRAM.
chipset S3 - Vision 868 ( DRAM
EDO DRAM) Vision 968 ( VRAM). 64-
(DCI-1.0): bitbit,
, , ,
(YUV 4:1:1 4:2:2, 16-bit, 16.7 .
RGB), , dithering),
.
CinePak, MPEG, Indeo, Motion JPEG.
Windows U, Windows 95, Windows NT, OS/2 Warp, Video for
Windows, Quicktime for Windows, MPEG.
64- chipset ATI Mach264CT ATI TGU19680 Trident
DRAM EDO R, VRAM (ATI) WRAM (Trident).
chipset
DCI-1.0
RAMDAC ( Chipset),
, .
Plug&Play VESA
Display Data Channel (DDC 1/2),
VESA Display Power Management Signaling (DPMS).
VESA Advanced Feature Connector (VAFC). DRAM
192-
.
,
,
, .
, ,
, .
,
.
1995
1.1 . . 3.5" 0.5 . 5.25" ,
.
, ,
,
,
.
5,2
.
-, .
1.3 GB - 1 MB,
4 MB. .
,
2.6 GB, ,
, ,
.
,
.
, , .
. 2 .
Mini Disk Sony (2.5", 140 MB).
, .
3.5"
3.5" 230 MB,
Fujitsu,
.
, . .,
(
, ,
,
).
notebook.
, 5.25" ,
1000 GB,
( ), ,
.
on-line .
MaxLyb,
T3-1300
, Maxoptix.
3 GB ,
. ,
, ( 5 ),
(50 )
10 1 MB.
CD-ROM
CD-ROM (
), ,
.
proprietary IDE (Panasonic,
Sony, Mitsumi) IDE/ATAPI SCSI.
( 320240,
) AVI CD-ROM,
.
,
, CD-ROM,
.
,
(
Brand-Name), .
Plug&Play, . ASPI-
CD-ROM ,
12-35% ( SCSI ,
DMA).
(QuickTime, Video for
Windows, MPEG), .
Plextor 1996
( 6PLEX)
. Plextor,
SCSI, IDE/ATAPI. ,
, Wearnes.
,
.
, ,
,
. CD-ROM,
,
,
, ,
,
.
. ,
,
.
. . pex
CD-ROM Plextor,
, .
PX-63CS 115 ms,
(random access) 145 ms.
CD-ROM
( ).
, , , CD-ROM
, , , , , , ,
. , ,
,
. , Red Book CD-DA.
Yellow Book ISO 9660 ("High Sierra")
,
CD-ROM. Green Book Plug&Play CD (CD-i),
, MPEG-1, ,
.
(Extended Architecture),
Yellow Book, ,
CD-ROM CD-i.
Kodak Photo CD. , White Book Video CD,
MPEG-1 .
CD-ROM
, , , Video
CD.
Mode 2 Form 2,
. CD-i
Video CD (White Book),
.
CD-R CD-ROM ( )
,
.
phase change.
, CD-E (Erasable),
Philips. IBM, Ricoh,
Hewlett-Packard, Mitsubishi Chemical, Mitsumi Electric, Matsushita
Kotobuki Electric Industries, Sony, 3M, Olympus.
CD-R (Orange Book) CD-ROM.
- CD-R CD-ROM. ,
, CD-R CD-ROM,
,
-
,
.
.
:
1 Hard & Soft 1996
2 PC WEEK (RE) 1995-1997
3 ., . IBM PC AT.
4 . .. IBM PC AT
5 , Internet BBS
.1. .
1. SRAM.