Реферат: Борисов-Мусатов и художники группы "Наби" (RTF)
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Oeieeineay Ioieoeeiaeueiay oeiea aeiiacey ? 16
?aoa?ao
ia oaio:
Ai?enia-Ionaoia e ooaeiaeieee a?oiiu Iaae
Iaua?yeiaa Ieaaa
Iineaa, 1997
Oa?aeoa?iay aeey ?onneiai eneonnoaa 1890-o ia/aea 1900
aiaeia oaiaeaioeey e iiyoecaoeee ia?acia iaoea au?aaeaiea a oai?/anoaa
Aeeoi?a Yeueieaeeoi?iae/a Ai?eniaa-Ionaoiaa. Aai ee?e/aneia aea?iaaiea
noaei i?iyaeyoueny ooa n naiuo ?aiieo o/aie/aneeo eao a iaaeiuo ia?acao
iiyoe/aneie i?e?iaeu, ii eeoue n eiioea 1890-o aiaeia ii?aaeaeythony
e?oa ecethaeaiiuo oai Ionaoiaa e ia?acii-aeeaiieniay nenoaia aai
eneonnoaa. Anaie neeaie ooaeiaeiee no?aieony iinoe/ue aa?iiieth a ie?a
e, ia aeaey aa aie?oa, iuoaaony ainnicaeaoue aa a aiia?aaeaiee.
A aeiaieueii iaoe?iie eeoa?aoo?a, iinayuaiiie
oai?/anoao A. Y. Ai?eniaa-Ionaoiaa, cao?aaeaaaony aii?in i
acaeiiioiioaieyo ooaeiaeieea n o?aioeocneeie ianoa?aie eiioea XIX
noieaoey. Ieii yoiai aii?ina ia iiaeao i?ieoe ie iaeei aeia?ao Ionaoiaa:
aaaeue ooaeiaeiee iiciaeiieeny n iaeioi?uie ia?acoeaie iiaie
o?aioeocneie aeeaiiene aua a ia/aea 90-o aiaeia, iioii o/eeny ianeieueei
eao a Ia?eaea o O. Ei?iiia; ii i?aeeiiyeny ia?aae I. Ithae aea Oaaaiiii,
iaia?aaaeny iinooieoue e iaio a ianoa?neoth e aue neeueii ?aci/a?iaai,
eiaaea iieo/ee ioeac. Ecaanoii, /oi a Ia?eaea Ionaoia iiciaeiieeny n
i?iecaaaeaieyie o?aioeocneeo aeeaiienoeaa iiauo iai?aaeaiee. Oneeaieth
aai eioa?ana e aa?iiaeneiio eneonnoao niinianoaiaaee e ithioaineea
ciaeiiua, eioi?uo aeaa ?aca i?iacaeii iinauae Ionaoia. Iiae eiiaoe
aeecie yoa naycue ooaeiaeieea n caiaaeiui eneonnoaii oaai/aeinue oie
aunieie ioeaieie, eioi?oth iieo/eee aai i?iecaaaeaiey a ia?eaeneie
i?anna e a ienueia Aiae?a AEeaea, iinea oiai eae iie iiauaaee a Aa?eeia
e Ia?eaea.
Aii?in i acaeiiioiioaiee Ionaoiaa n o?aioeocneei
eneonnoaii nai niaie eae au iai?aoeaaaony; ii iaycaoaeai, aai iaeuecy
iaieoe. Aai cao?aaeaatho e ss.A. Ooaaiaeoieueae, e A.E. Noaitheiae/, e
E.A.Aaaeieeiia, e I.ss.Ei/ee a naiae aeenna?oaoeee. A aieaa ?acaeoie
oi?ia, n?aaieoaeueii n ae?oaeie, aai noaaeo A.A.?onaeiaa a naiae
iiiia?aoee 1966 aiaea. A.A.?onaeiaa iaia/aao ananoi?iiiaa ?aoaiea
aii?ina. Iia auaeaeyao ec anaai o?aioeocneiai eneonnoaa a?oiio Iaae eae
aeaaiue iauaeo aeey niiinoaaeaiee. Yoio auai? ieacuaaaony ni?aaaaeeeaui,
ii io?aaeaao aeaenoaeoaeueiia iieiaeaiea aauae. ?onaeiaa eiaao a aeaeo
ia oaeoe/aneoth naycue Ionaoiaa n iaaeaeaie, eioi?ie, nei?aa anaai, ia
nouanoaoao, a ecaanoioth ia?aeeaeue, eioi?ay ia?acoaony aeaaiaea?y
aeecinoe oai?/aneiai iaoiaea, iaueo oaiaeaioeee ?acaeoey e oiai ianoa,
eioi?ia caieiatho niioaaonoaaiii ai o?aioeocneie e ?onneie aeeaiiene
iaaeaeu e Ai?enia-Ionaoia.
A iiiia?aoee ?a/ue eaeao i aeecinoe Ionaoiaa Aiiia?o,
Aeaie (i?aaaea, ia yoii iaienaii nianai iaiiiai a iniiaiii eeoue
i?eiaieoaeueii e iaeiiio ec ionaoianeeo i?iecaaaeaiee Aeaoien e Oeiy
1901, Naieo-Iaoa?ao?a, /anoi. nia?.), ii aieueoa anaai ianoa aaoi?
iiiia?aoee ioaiaeeo i?iaeaia Ionaoia - Athea?. E?iia yoie aeecinoe,
eioi?ay auea iaaeaeo Ionaoiaui e Athea?ii Aiiia?ii, ioia/aaony e
nouanoaaiiia ?acee/ea. ?a/ue eaeao i iaeioi?ie i?ioeaiiieiaeiinoe
aeaeaeaiey. O Ionaoiaa io eii?anneiiecia e neioaco, a o yoeo iaaeaeia
iaiai?io io neioaca e eii?anneiiecio, eioi?ue ieacaeny iaeei aica?aoiui
yaeaieai ai o?aioeocneie aeeaiiene. A yoii i?ioeaiiieiaeiii aeaeaeaiee
iie eae au ia?anaeeenue. ?onaeiaie ioia/aii e ae?oaia ianoiaenoai
ecaanoiay oi?iaeueiinoue eneaiee o?aioeocia e i?ei?eoao iiyoe/aneie
iaeooioai?aiiinoe a oai?/anoaa ?onneiai ianoa?a.
A neeo oiai, /oi ?anniao?eaaaiue aii?in ia yaeyaony aeey
A.A.?onaeiaie aeaaiui eee oioy au iaeiei ec aeaaiuo, iia i?aaeeaaaao
eeoue iauea iooe ?aoaiey, ia no?aiynue auaeaeiooue eaeea-oi oacenu a
i?ioeaiaan aaoi?o iiiia?aoee, a, iai?ioea, ainiieueciaaaoenue aa
iniiaiuie iieiaeaieyie, iu iiiuoaainy eo ?acaeoue, eia-/oi e iei
aeiaaaeoue.
Niiinoaaeyy Ai?eniaa-Ionaoiaa e iaaeaeia, n naiiai ia/aea
neaaeoao neacaoue, /oi o ian iao aeaiiuo aeey oiai, /oiau ooaa?aeaeaoue
oaeoe/aneoth eo naycue eee oioy au ciaeiinoai e eaeia-oi
acaeiiioiioaiea. Nai Ionaoia ieeiaaea ie/aai ia aiai?ee ie i I.Aiiia?a,
ie ia Y. Athea?a eee I.Aeaie. Iaaa?iia ?onneee aeeaiienaoe ciae, aeaeae
i?iecaaaeaiey naieo ia?eaeneeo naa?noieeia aaaeue iie /anoi aunoaaeyee
naie ?aaiou a oa/aiea anao 90-o aiaeia a /anoiinoe, e a oi naiia a?aiy,
eiaaea Ionaoia o/eeny a Ia?eaea a ianoa?neie Ei?iiia. A iineianeeo
eieeaeoeeyo i?iecaaaeaiey iaaeaeia noaee iiyaeyoueny a 1900-a e 1910-a
aiaeu; neaaeiaaoaeueii, yoe i?iecaaaeaiey ia iiaee oaea ieacaoue i?yiiai
aeeyiey ia oi?ie?iaaiea nenoaiu Ionaoiaa. Oi ianoiyoaeuenoai, /oi
Ionaoia i?e aeiaieueii /anoii oiiieiaiee a ienueiao eiai I. Ithae aea
Oaaaiia, AE. Aanoueyi-Eaiaaea eee O. Ei?iiia nianai ia aniiieiaao i
iaaeaeao, naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i oii, /oi, aeaeeii, eo aeeaiienue iniaaiii
neeueiiai aia/aoeaiey ia ?onneiai ooaeiaeieea ia i?iecaaea. Oi
ianoiyoaeuenoai, /oi Aiae?a AEeae, aeecei noiyaoee e iaaeaeai, oaea a
ia/aea XX a. ia?aoeeny n ainoi?aeaiiui ienueiii e Ionaoiao, oaeaea
ie/aai ia i?eaaaeyao e iaoaio aii?ino: ie i eaeeo i?yiuo naycyo yoi
ienueii ia aiai?eo, a aiai?eo eeoue i oii, /oi ia o?aioeocneeo
ooaeiaeieeia e ienaoaeae neiaiee/aneie i?eaioaoeee eneonnoai Ionaoiaa
i?iecaaei iaiaeia aia/aoeaiea.
Neaaeiaaoaeueii, ?a/ue aeieaeia eaeoe a iniiaiii i oii
noiaenoaa iaoiaea, oai?/aneiai i?eioeeia, eioi?ia i?iaeeeoiaaii
aioo?aiieie, a ia aiaoieie i?e/eiaie.
I?e niiinoaaeaiee Ionaoiaa n iaaeaeaie n?aco a?inathony a
aeaca iaeioi?ua iauea /a?ou. Ia/iai n oiai, /oi yoi ooaeiaeieee iaeiiai
iieieaiey iie ii/oe ?iaanieee. Aeaie ?iaeeeny a oii aea aiaeo, /oi e
Ai?enia-Ionaoia, ?onnaeue, Aiiia?, e Athea? - ia 2-3 aiaea ?aiueoa.
N?aco aea a yoii neo/aa aicieeaao aii?in i caeiiiinoe aiaeiaee. Eai iu
i?eaueee e oiio, /oi ?onneea ooaeiaeieee ninoaaeytho iaeoth ia?aeeaeue
o?aioeocneei *aua anaai a oao neo/ayo, eiaaea iie neaaeotho ca
iineaaeieie ia ?annoiyiee aeaoo aeanyoeeaoee. Oae auei e n ?aaeenoaie
aoi?ie iieiaeiu XIX a., e n eii?anneiienoaie. Eioa?anii, /oi eiaiii
Ionaoia nie?auaao yoi ?annoiyiea, iaeiaei iieiinoueth ?ac?ua ia
eeeaeaee?oao. Aeaei a oii, /oi a?aiy ?anoeaaoa oai?/anoaa iaaeaeia e
Ionaoiaa ia niaiaaeaao. Iau/ii enoi?eee o?aioeocneiai eneonnoaa ?yiioie?
iaaeaeia n/eoatho 1888-1900 aiaeu. Aeey Ionaoiaa yoi nei?aa a?aiy
oi?ie?iaaiey oaeaioa, ia?aoaiey naiaai nianoaaiiiai iooe, eioi?ue
ooaa?aeaeaaony ieii/aoaeueii ia ?oaaaea 1890-1900-o aiaeia. Aeaaioth
naith ?ieue a enoi?ee ?onneiai eneonnoaa ii ea?aao ?aaioaie ia?aie
iieiaeiu 1900-o aiaeia, oiaaea eae enoi?e/aneay ?ieue iaaeaeia e oiio
a?aiaie oaea en/a?iuaaaony: a ioee/ea io Ionaoiaa, Aiiia?, Athea? e
Aeaie i?iaeieaeatho ?aaioaoue aua aeieaea aiaeu, ii aeoeaiie iiaaoi?neie
?iee iie oaea ia ea?atho. Nie?auaiea ?ac?uaa i?ienoiaeeo ca n/ao oiai,
/oi Ionaoia, ioe?uaay a ?onneie aeeaiiene aeaeaeaiea e neioaoe/aneiio
aini?eyoeth e aeaei?aoeaiie nenoaia, aeaeaao ?aoeoaeueiua oaae aia?aae
e, aoaeo/e ia?aui, aiieia iiaeao auoue niiinoaaeai n oaie, eoi ai
O?aioeee ia ia?aua. Eai iaaeaeu eiatho ca nieiie iiuo Nacaiia e Aiaaia,
eioi?uo iie aanueia /oyo e io eioi?uo iooaeeeaathony. Aeecinoue
onoaoaeyaony oai, /oi iaaeaeu, aoaeo/e, neaaeiaaoaeueii, yaeaieai
iinoeii?anneiienoe/aneei, a eaeie-oi ia?a ia/eiatho aic?iaeaeaoue
eii?anneiieci, oiaaea eae Ionaoia ia ai anai oniaaaao io iaai
ioi?aaoueny.
A naiae ecaanoiie eieaa AEeaiienoeu XX aaea Aa?ia?
Aei?eaaeue ienae: Ana ioaeaeyao Aiiia?a io Iiia e i?aaeaea anaai oi,
/oi ea?oeia aeey iaai ieeiaaea ia yaeyaony ieiii, ioe?uoui a i?e?iaeo,
?aoaieai iaecaaea, eae aeey ae?oaiai, ii noaiiaeony iniiaaoaeueii
iino?iaiiui i?aaieciii (aeaaea oiaaea, eiaaea ei ia eaaeaony) e /anoi
i?aaieciaaiiui a niioaaonoaee n caeiiaie aeaei?aoeaiiai eneonnoaa.
Iiaeiaiay oi?ioee?iaea (eaeeo iu, enoaoe, iaeaeai aeiaieueii iiiai a
eieaao i ooaeiaeieeao-iaaeaeao) aiieia iiaeioea au e c?aeiio oai?/anoao
Ai?eniaa-Ionaoiaa.
Ii eioa?anii oi ianoiyoaeuenoai, /oi aiaeiaee Ionaoiaa
n iaaeaeaie aicieeatho ia oieueei oiaaea, eiaaea ia?aue ia?aoaao
oai?/aneoth c?aeinoue. Ia?aaeienaeueii, /oi ?aiiee Ionaoia, aua aiana ia
ciaaoee ia?eaeneie aeeaiiene ia/aea 90-o aiaeia, a eeoue oieueei
ia/oaaoee i Ia?eaea aianoa ni naieie ae?ocueyie, nicaeaao oaeea aaue,
eioi?ua naeeaeatho aai n iaaeaeaie. Iiaeii neacaoue, /oi a yoi a?aiy
iniaaiii a 1894 a., ca aiae aei iiacaeee a Ia?eae ionaoianeay
aeeaiienue eiaao aeaa iai?aaeaiey, niiinoaaeiuo n aeeaiienueth
o?aioeocneie. Iaeii eii?anneiienoe/aneia, i?aaenoaaeaiiia i?aaeaea anaai
aeaoiy i?iecaaaeaieyie Iaee a naaeo (1894) e Iaeneea oeaaou (1894).
Iaee ia neo/aeii canoaaeytho enneaaeiaaoaeae ionaoianeiai oai?/anoaa
i?aaeiieaaaoue ciaeiinoai ooaeiaeieea n Eeiaeii Iiia. Oi/iay aeaoa e
/an, ioia/aiiua ooaeiaeieeii ia oienoa, aiai?yo i iiiaii. Io iineianeiai
?aiiaai eii?anneiiecia, io o?aaeeoeee Iieaiiaa, neieue ii?aaeaeaiii
i?iyaeythueony a Iaeneeo oeaaoao, Ionaoia ia?aoiaeeo e aieaa
?aoeoaeueiiio yenia?eiaioo e iaia?oaeeaaao oaea aeinoaoi/ioth c?aeinoue
a eii?anneiienoe/aneii iuoeaiee, iicaieythuoth i?aaeiieaaaoue aai nei?ia
iineaaeothuaa i?aiaeieaiea. E yoie aiaeiaee iiaeii i?eaaaeoue aua iaeio.
Ionaoianeee yothae E?ueueoei aea/e 1884 aiaea i/aiue iioiae ia yothae
Athea?a Neainue ieii. Yoi iaeiecaanoiia i?iecaaaeaiea Athea?a iaienaii a
1889 a. eiaaea iinoeii?anneiienoe/aneea oaiaeaioeee, oa?aeoa?iua aeey
c?aeiai oai?/anoaa iaaeaeia, aua ia ai anai iaia?oaeeaatho naay.
Io yoie i?ioiiaaeaeianeie aiaeiaee eaaei ia?aeoe e e
ae?oaei. ?a/ue eaeao i a?oiia i?iecaaaeaiee ia?aie iieiaeiu 90-o aiaeia
a iniiaiii 1894 aiaea, - auiieiaiiuo ii i?aeiouanoao aoaoueth. Ia
ieyaea, A iaeeaeaiee ainoae, Aeaa aeaiu ia iaeoaa, Aieaa - aio naiua
oeie/iua i?eia?u yoie oaiaeaioeee. Yoe i?iecaaaeaiey anaaaea canoaaeyee
oaeeaeyoueny oao, eoi ienae i Ionaoiaa. Ia?aui yoi oaeeaeaiea au?acee
ss. Ooaaiaeoieueae a naiae noaouea Iieiaeua aiaeu Ionaoiaa. Ia iaeiii ec
yothaeia ii ienae: Aio aua aieaa no?aiiue iaa?inie, - o noiyiee
ia?ioiaea, aaea o aeaiu, neaeyuae ia neaiaeea, eaeea-oi ciaaaeaeiua,
oeuiua ?oee a ia?/aoeao e oceay, aeooeay aieiaa, - iaa?inie, eioi?ue,
eacaeinue au, iiaeii i?eienaoue eaeiio-ieaoaeue yiiioeo, Ooeoc-Eio?aeo e
eiio oaiaeii, ii oieueei ia iaaeiiio Ionaoiao!. Ia ianoi eiai oaiaeii
iai oioaeinue au caeanue iinoaaeoue eiaiii Athea?a ia/aea 90-o aiaeia.
O iaai anoue a?oiia i?iecaaaeaiee, a iniiaiii auiieiaiiuo
ianeii e ioiinyueony e 1890-o aiaeai, - Aeaa aeaiu o eaiiu, Ooiiathuay,
Iaoue e aei/ue, Iecey e Aaeeioii. Eae i?aaeei, yoi iaeiioeao?iua eee
aeaoooeao?iua eiiiiceoeee, /aua a eioa?uea?a, eiiaaea ia aicaeooa.
Naieie iioeaaie ionaoianeea aoaoe iioiaee ia ea?oeiu Athea?a. AEaiueiu n
ciioeeaie, aeaa oeao?u ae?oa aicea ae?oaa ca noieii, /anoi aicea eaiiu
(o Ionaoiaa anoue ea?aiaeaoiua ?enoiee, ecia?aaeathuea ethaeae ca noieii
/eoathueie, ieooueie). Niauoea ionoonoaoao. A naieo iioeaao iiae/a?eiooa
eioeiiay noi?iia aeecie. Yoi ia i?inoi iauaeaiiinoue, a eiaiii eioeiiay
iauaeaiiinoue. Eai e?oa i?aaeiaoia, n?aaea iaia?aiii ia?aie/eaathony.
Ia neo/aeii /aua anaai aeaiu eioa?uea?iua noeaiu. Ii eonie ie?a,
aua?aiiue ooaeiaeieeii o?aeooaony ei ia iaeo?aeueii-nica?oeaoaeueii, a
iiae/a?eiooi yeni?anneaii. Oeao?u, i?aaeiaou oaeaeaiu ino?i, noaa/aiu
auno?i, i?aaeacyoi. Aeaaiui n?aaenoaii ieacuaaaony oeaaoiaia iyoii,
eeiey, ia?aie/eaathuay yoi iyoii. ?ieue neeoyoa a yoeo aauao ia?iiia. Ia
c?y Athea? a iacaaieyo naieo ea?oei /anoi eniieuecoao neiai neeoyo:
Neeoyo aeaaooee, Neeoyo n ciioeeii. A iiae/a?eiooie eeiaeiinoe anoue
neaaeu aeeyiey a?aoeee, eioi?ua n oniaoii e oaeiaieuenoaeai caieiaeenue
a yoi a?aiy iaaeaeu iniaaiii oiaaea, eiaaea iie i?eieiaee o/anoea a
ioi?ieaiee aeo?iaea La Revue blanche, auaoaai i?iiaaaiaeenoii noeey
iiaea?i.
Aeiaaaei e yoiio eioa?anioth aeaoaeue. Ionaoiaa aua aei
iiacaeee a Ia?eae aai ae?ocuey iacuaaee yiiioeai. Yoi i?icaeua,
aeaiiia aio ia c?y, n?aco aea aucuaaao a iaiyoe oio eioa?an e yiiineiio
eneonnoao, eioi?ue ai O?aioeee aue aneaae ca eii?anneiienoaie o
iinoeii?anneiienoia, a o iaaeaeia a /anoiinoe. Eioa?anii, /oi a n?aaea
iaaeaeia auea i?eau/ea aeaaaoue ae?oa ae?oao i?icaeua.
Iaaeaeii-yiiioeai aue iacaai Aiiia? aaeaa ee ia naiue cia/eoaeueiue ec
ooaeiaeieeia yoie a?oiiu e iaeaieaa aeeceee naiae aeeaiieniie nenoaiie
Athea?o.
Eoae, ia iuoaynue yoo aiaeiaeth iaaeaeo iieiaeui Ionaoiaui e
iaeioi?uie iaaeaeaie iauynieoue ?aaeueiuie naycyie ooaeiaeieeia, iu
aeieaeiu oai ia iaiaa eiinoaoe?iaaoue, /oi oaea a ia/aea 90-o aiaeia
?yaeii n eii?anneiienoe/aneeie oaiaeaioeeyie a oai?/anoaa ?onneiai
aeeaiienoea iiyaeeenue oaeea /a?ou, eioi?ua oeacuaaee ia no?aieaiea
oaea oiaaea i?ioeaiiinoaaeoue eii?anneiiecio iinoeii?anneiienoe/aneoth
oai?/aneoth eiioeaioeeth. Ia aoaeai eneaoue eiie?aoiuo i?e/ei yoeo
iiaoaeaeaiee. Aeaei a oii, /oi, eae iu oaea ciaai, a ?onneii eneonnoaa
aanueia /anoi oa iai?aaeaiey, eioi?ua ai O?aioeee eee Aa?iaiee
neaaeotho ae?oa ca ae?oaii, eae au auyaeyy /enooth eiaeeo yaiethoeee e
niaiu i?eioeeiia, ieacuaathony ia?aeeaeueiuie, nouanoaotho ?yaeii,
niaoeaathony. Eiaiii oae e i?ienoiaeeo a oai?/anoaa Ai?eniaa-Ionaoiaa
ia?aie iieiaeiu 90-o aiaeia.
Aeaeueiaeoay yaiethoeey Ionaoiaa ecaanoia. Ianoa?neay
Ei?iiia, aini?eyoea iiieii ianoa?neie iniiaiuo i?eioeeiia
eii?anneiiecia, iooue /a?ac yoio eii?anneiieci e iiaie aeaei?aoeaiie
nenoaia, i?eaaaeoee e c?aeinoe. Eae neacae Ooaaiaeoieueae, ii aue
iaeiei ec ia?auo e iaeaieaa iineaaeiaaoaeueiuo iaoeo eii?anneiienoia e
iaeei ec ia?auo i?aiaeieae yoio eii?anneiieci ai eiy nica?oeaiey, aieaa
iaiauaiiiai e ee?e/aneiai. Yoi aieaa iaiauaiiia e ee?e/aneia
nica?oeaiea anoue c?aeue Ai?enia-Ionaoia, eioi?ue, i?aiaeieaaay
iaeioi?oth eneonnoaaiiinoue oaeeo aauae, eae Aa?iiiey (1900 aiae) eee
Iioea aac neia (1900 aiae), i?eoiaeeo e naiae eeanneea e Aiaaeaio
(1901 aiae), Aiaeiaio (1902 aiae), Ecoi?oaeiiio iaea?aeueth (1903
1904 aiaeu). I?ec?aeai (1903 aiae) e ?aeaeaio (1905 aiae). Yoio c?aeue
Ionaoia n iiaie neeie ?iaeaeaao annioeeaoeee n caiaaeiie aeeaiienueth
eiioea noieaoey, n iaaeaeaie, n iaueie oaiaeaioeeyie ?acaeoey
o?aioeocneie aeeaiiene ia iinoeii?anneiienoe/aneii yoaia. Ii caeanue
oaea ?a/ue ia oieueei ia ioaeaeueiuo ia?aeeaeyo, niaiaaeaieyo, a i
i?eioeeiao, onoaiaaeeaaaiuo niciaoaeueii e o?aioeocneeie e ?onneeie
aeeaiienoeaie, i oeaeyo, eioi?ua i?aneaaeotho iie naiei eneonnoaii.
Ooaeiaeieee a?oiiu Iaae (a aieueoeinoaa naiai), n iaeiie
noi?iiu, e Ai?enia-Ionaoia n ae?oaie, nicaeaaaee oaeia eneonnoai,
eioi?ia ii i?eioeeiai ioiioaiey e aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe e ia?aciie
no?oeoo?a naycaii n neiaieeciii. I?aaaea, aeaia?eaoeeiiiay eeiey,
ioaeaeythuay neiaieeci io ianeiaieecia, i?ioiaeeo eae ?ac iin?aaeeia
a?oiiu Iaae. Iieacaoaeueii, iai?eia?, /oi a yeniiceoeeth aunoaaee
AEeaiienue o?aioeocneiai neiaieecia, ono?iaiiie a 1972 aiaeo a Aiaeee,
Aiiia? e Athea? ia aioee, eiaaea eae ae?oaea iaaeaeu ?ainii,
Na?thcuea, Aeaie, ?onnaeue, Iaeieue ia yoie aunoaaea auee i?aaenoaaeaiu.
Yoa a?aiue oneiaia. Oaeia ?acaeaeaiea naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i oii, /oi
neiaieeci ia aue oai aeaaiui ne?aieythuei ia/aeii, eioi?ia ia?aciaaei
a?oiio iaaeaeia. Iaeiaei neaaeoao o/anoue, /oi oa neioaoe/aneay
oaiaeaioeey, a i?aaeaeao eioi?ie ?acai?a/eaaaony oai?/anoai iaaeaeia,
eiaea ei?ie e a eneonnoaa Aiaaia, i?e/anoiinoue eioi?iai e neiaieecio
a?yae ee iiaeao auoue na?ueacii inii?aia. Aianeiaieenoe/aneoth
nacaiiianeoth eiioeaioeeth neioaoecia iaaeaeu, ianiio?y ia ii/oeoaeueiia
ioiioaiea e Nacaiio, ia aini?eiyee. Ii a aiaaiianei-neiaieenoe/aneii
aa?eaioa iinoeii?anneiieci, anoanoaaiii, oiaaea aue iinoeii?anneiieciii,
eiaaea a iai eii?anneiieci ieacuaaeny i?aiaeieaiiui. Ia neo/aeii aeaa
e?oiiaeoeo iaaeaea inoaeenue aia neiaieecia aica?aoiue iooue e
eii?anneiiecio a ia/aea XX a. e aai aiiaue ioe?uaoeany aiciiaeiinoe a
90-a aiaeu nua?aee caeanue ii?aaeaeythuoth ?ieue. Iiyoiio a onoaiiaeaiee
ia?aeeaeae n iaaeaeaie o Ionaoiaa ia iineaaeiai c?aeii yoaia aai
?acaeoey ?yaeii n oeao?aie Athea?a e Aiiia?a iu iai?aiaiii aeieaeiu
o/eouaaoue aua iaeii Ii?ena Aeaie.
Ii aa?iainy e i?iaeaia neiaieecia. E iaaeaeu e Ionaoia auee
neiaieenoaie aoi?iai i?ecuaa a naieo iaoeeiiaeueiuo oeieao. Ia?auie auee
Ithae aea Oaaaii, Athnoaa Ii?i. Iaeeeii ?aaeii ai O?aioeee e A?oaaeue a
?innee. Neiaieeci Ii?i e Ithae a eaeie-oi ia?a iiaeii n/eoaoue
aeeaai?e/aneei; ii eiaao aeaaeaie/aneea iniiau. A?oaaeue, oioy ii ii
a?aiaie e cia/eoaeueii ionoieo io oiiiyioouo o?aioeocneeo aiaeiaia e
i/aiue ia iioiae ia ieo, eai aia?ae a naay iiiaea iiaoanoaa aa?iiaeneiai
eneonnoaa eiioea XIX aaea, ea?aao i?eaeeceoaeueii oaeoth aea ?ieue. Ii
oi?ie?oaony ia aeaaeaie/aneie iniiaa, eiaao oioy e ia noieue
au?aaeaiioth, eae o o?aioeocia, - eeoa?aoo?ioth ii/ao. Neiaieeci
iineaaeothueo ooaeiaeieeia iaaeaeia, Ionaoiaa, a ca iei e ianoa?ia
Aieoaie ?icu iiaeii iacaaoue nei?aa aeeaiieniui, /ai eeoa?aoo?iui, ii
no?ieony a aieueoae ia?a ia ieanoe/aneie iniiaa e niaiaaeaao n ia?aeiiii
io iaiin?aaenoaaiiiai aini?eyoey iaoo?u e iiin?aaeiaaiiiio, io
yothaea-ea?oeiu e iaiii, io iai?iecaieueiiai a?oenoecia e ieanoe/aneie
nenoaia ia?aeii, eioi?ue aue oae aaaeai aeey noaeaa anae aa?iiaeneie
aeeaiiene. Aia neioaoecia neiaieeci ia yoii naiai aoi?ii yoaia
iaaiciiaeai. Ii o?aaoao i?aiaeieaiey, n iaeiie noi?iiu, aeaaeaie/aneiai
iaoo?aeecia, eioi?ue aue o Ithae aea Oaaaiia, oiiaeiaeyy aai neiaieu
aeeaai?eyi, a n ae?oaie noi?iiu eii?anneiiecia. Iineaaeiee
eoeueoeae?oao iaiiaoi?eii eiie?aoiia, a iii i?aiyonoaoao oie
iiiaicia/iinoe ia?aca, ianaiaeeiinoe aai e eiie?aoiui cia/aieyi, eioi?ua
e yaeythony nouiinoueth enoeiiiai neiaieecia. Yoi i?aiaeieaiea iu e
ano?a/aai o iiiaeo iaaeaeia, a /anoiinoe o Aeaie e o Ionaoiaa.
Caeanue neaaeoao ?acaeaeeoue aiaeiaee. N Aeaie - iie eiatho
ia?acii-niuneiaie oa?aeoa? e ai aoi?oth i/a?aaeue, eae neaaenoaea, -
aeeaiienii-eiiiiceoeeiiiue.
I?aaaea, neaaeoao neacaoue, /oi Aeaie oyaioae e ?aeeaeiciui nthaeaoai,
/oi ?aoeoaeueii ?acaeaeyao aai n Ionaoiaui. Ii ?iaeieo iiiaia ae?oaia. O
Aeaie a aai ea?oeiao Naaaeaaiia oanoaea (1892 1893), Iocu (1893),
Naae /enouo aeaa (1893), AEaiu-ie?iiineoeu (1894), Nayuaiiay ?iua
(1897), eae i?aaeei, nia?aii ianeieueei aeaenoaothueo eeoe. Iie neaeyo
eee eaeoo, ii/oe ieeiaaea ia ?acaiaa?eaatho ae?oa n ae?oaii,
nica?oeatho, iie iia?oaeaiu a naay, i?aauaatho a eaeii-oi iac?eiii
iauaiee ae?oa n ae?oaii. *aua anaai yoi noeaiu a iaecaaea, /anoi ia
oiia iaecaaea. Ana yoe iienaiey iiaeii auei au n oniaoii i?eiaieoue e e
i?iecaaaeaieyi ?onneiai aeeaiienoea. *anoi o Ionaoiaa aeaiueiu iioiaee
ae?oa ia ae?oaa, eae ?iaeiua nano?u, eai anaaaea yoi iaeia eaeaaeueiia
i?aaenoaaeaiea i /aeiaaea. O Aeaie aai aeaiueiu oaeaea iioiaee ae?oa
ia ae?oaa. Aieaa oiai: a 1897 aiaeo Aeaie ieoao ii?o?ao Eaiiu Ea?ieue
a o?ao ?acee/iuo iicao; caeanue iao iiiuoee ?anoe?eoue a?aieoeu a?aiaie
yoe o?e oeao?u iaeiie aeaiueiu nouanoaotho ii/oe aacioiineoaeueii e
a?aiaie; iao iiiuoee aeaoue ?aciua a?aie oa?aeoa?a Aeaie eioa?anoao
aiciiaeiinoue auyaeoue aioo?aiithth iac?eioth naycue iaaeaeo yoeie
o?aiy eeoeaie a iaeiii iaeeea. Yoi aioo?aiiaa iauaiea inouanoaeyaony n
iiiiuueth iauaaeeiythuaai eo i?aaeiaoa oeaaoia. Caeanue naiaia?aciue
ycue oeaaoia ia neo/aeii iu ainiieueciaaeenue iacaaieai ea?oeiu
iieiaeiai Iao?iaa-Aiaeeeia, i?yii auoaaeoaai ec ionaoianeiai e?oaa.
I?yioth aiaeiaeth aeatho iai aeaa ia?iuo ii?o?aoa ii?o?ao Ia?ou e
Ii?ena Aeaie (aaoiii?o?ao n aeaiie) 1897 aiaea e Aaoiii?o?ao n nano?ie
Ionaoiaa 1898 aiaea. Iie aeecee ia oieueei ii caaea/a e a?aiaie
i?ienoiaeaeaiey, ii e ii iaeeiaeiaui i?eioeeiai iino?iaiey ia?iiai
ii?o?aoa ia iniiaa aioo?aiiae aeecinoe ia?niiaaeae.
Aeaie a naieo Oai?eyo iinoiyiii ieoao i naiaia?aciii ioiioaiee
ooaeiaeieea e naiae caaea/a, i i?ineaaeaiee iaoo?u, i oii, /oi
ooaeiaeiee-neiaieeno ia ecia?aaeaao iaoo?o, a i?aaenoaaeyao aa n
iiiiuueth ieanoe/aneeo e oeaaoiauo yeaeaaeaioia. Aeaie eiinoaoe?oao
oanioth naycue iaaeaeo oi?iaie e yiioeeyie, iaaeaeo
aeeaiienii-ieanoe/aneeie yaeaieyie e ninoiyieai aeooe. A aai
i?aaenoaaeaiee, a oi?iao iai?aiaiii i?inaa/eaaao cia/aiea,
niaea?aeaoaeueiia, aeooiaiia ia/aei. Yoi eae ?ac e anoue oa iiceoeey, ia
eioi?ie iiaei aicieeiooue eneonnoai iiiaeo iaaeaeia ai O?aioeee e
Ionaoiaa a ?innee.
Ii ?yaeii n yoie aeooiaii-niaea?aeaoaeueiie i?iaeaiaoeeie a oai?ee
Aeaie i?enoonoaoao e ae?oaay aeeaiienii-ieanoe/aneay. Iia iiiai aiai?eo
i ea?oeia eae i oeaeinoiii i?aaiecia, any/anee iiae/a?eeaaao ieineinoiia
ia/aei, iiaa?oiinoue, eae iaeoth ia?aiiniiao aeeaiieniiai i?iecaaaeaiey.
Oe?iei ecaanoiu neiaa Aeaie: Iiiieoue, /oi ea?oeia, i?aaeaea /ai noaoue
aiaaie eioaaeueth, iaiaaeaiiie aeaiueiie eee eaeei-ieaoaeue aiaeaeioii,
yaeyaony ii nouanoao, ieineie iiaa?oiinoueth, iie?uoie e?aneaie,
?aniieiaeaiiuie a ii?aaeaeaiiii ii?yaeea. A yoeo neiaao i?ia?aiia oiai
neioaoecia, i eioi?ii oea ?a/ue. A iaeiii ii?aaeaeaiee niaaeeieeenue
aeaa i?eioeeieaeueii aaaeiuo iieiaeaiey i ieineinoe eae enoiaeiie oi/ea
e i ii?yaeea, nenoaia, ?aoeeiiaeueiii iiiaioa a i?iecaiaenoaa
ooaeiaeanoaaiiiai ia?aca. E iiyoue oaeia ii?aaeaeaiea eaaei i?eeiaeeoue
e aeeaiieniui i?iecaaaeaieyi Ionaoiaa.
Iu ioia/aee ecaanoiue neie?aoeci a ionaoianeii oai?/anoaa. Yoi
iaoeeiiaeueiay /a?oa, eiathuay enoi?e/aneea ei?ie. A XIX ia/aea XX aaea
iu /anoi noaeeeaaainy n i?iyaeaieai yoiai naienoaa. Eaaiia, No?eeia,
A?oaaeue, Ionaoia a yoii ioiioaiee noiaeiua oeao?u. A eaaeaeii ec ieo
nia?aiu ?acee/iua /a?ou, eioi?ua, nouanoaoy a ca/aoi/iii aeaea, eiatho a
aeaeueiaeoai aiciiaeiinoue ?acaeaaoueny e aeic?aaaoue. Ioiaeaeiooua io
ia?aaeiaai e?ay ?acaeoey aa?iiaeneiai eneonnoaa ia iaeioi?oth
aeenoaioeeth e aianoa n oai, a neeo oaeaioa e aeaaiaea?y iauaieth eiay
aiciiaeiinoue i?aaeoeacuaaoue eaeea-oi aoaeouea /a?ou, yoe ooaeiaeieee
niaaeeiytho a naaa a/a?aoiaa, naaiaeiyoiaa e caao?aoiaa. Yoi ea/anoai
iicaieyao a /ai-oi ioaeaeeoue Ionaoiaa oi iaaeaeia. Ii ieacuaaaony oe?a
naieie niaea?aeaoaeueiuie aiciiaeiinoyie. E?iia oiai, aeey naiae oeieu
ii i?i?ie-i?aaeoa/a. Iaaeaeo oai iaaeaeu, iacaaaoea naay i?i?ieaie,
nei?aa i?aaenoaaeytho niaie ?ao?iniaeoeaiia iai?aaeaiea ai o?aioeocneie
aeeaiiene. Iii ia?auaii ia a aoaeouaa, a a i?ioeia. Iicaeiea Aiiia? e
Athea? eeoue io?aaeatho a eaeie-oi ia?a ia naaa ionaaou iiauo
iai?aaeaiee. *oi aea eanaaony Ionaoiaa, oi aai iiuo ieacuaaaony ii/oe
iaycaoaeueiui yoaiii ia iooe ooaeiaeieeia e aoaeouei aeeaiieniui
aeinoeaeaieyi. *a?ac ionaoianeee yoai i?ioee iiiaea: aieoai?iciaoeu
Eociaoeia, Ooeei, Naioiia; Iao?ia-Aiaeeei, aini?eiyaoee ionaoianeee
neiaieeci e ia?ainiuneeaoee aai; Ea?eiiia e Aii/a?iaa, o eaaeaeiai ec
eioi?uo aue oeaeue ionaoianeee yoai; Eii/aeianeee e Oaeuee, eioi?ua aei
Aoaiiaiai aaeaoa eni?iaiaaee - ia aac iieuecu aeey aoaeouaai
ionaoianeee eii?anneiieci; e aua iiiaea ae?oaea. Yoa ?ieue Ionaoiaa a
enoi?ee ?onneie aeeaiiene aiai?eo naia ca naay. ?onneay aeeaiienue a
ia/aea OO aaea iaoeaeaia aia?aae; iia auno?i aeaeaeaony e ?acaeaaaony. A
Ionaoiaa caeeth/aia yoa aiciiaeiinoue; ii oiaea ono?aieai aia?aae. E yoi
ia i?inoi iniaaiiinoue oaeaioa, ii e iaoeeiiaeueiia naienoai,
ii?aaeaeyaiia enoi?e/aneie neooaoeeae.
Nienie eniieuecoaiie eeoa?aoo?u:
1. Ae. A. Na?aaueyiia ?onneay aeeaiienue XIX aaea n?aaee
Aa?iiaeneeo oeie Iineaa, 1980.
2. Enoi?ey ?onneiai eneonnoaa. Iineaa, 1987.
3. E. A. Aieueoaeiaa Ainoaea?noaaiiay O?aoueyeianeay
Aaea?ay. Iineaa, 1978.
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