Реферат: Отраслевая структура мирового хозяйства (RTF)

35





Niaea?aeaiea



No?.

Aaaaeaiea

Aeaaa I. Io?aneaaia yeiiiie/aneia iainiiaaiea i?iecaiaenoaa

1.1. Io?aneaaay no?oeoo?a yeiiiieee

1.2. Eieee/anoaaiiia ii?aaeaeaiea e oa??eoi?eaeueiue aniaeo

niaoeeaeece?othueony io?aneae

Aeaaa II. Io?aneaaay no?oeoo?a ie?iaiai oicyenoaa

2.1. Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia ?acaeaeaiea o?oaea

2.2. ?ani?aaeaeaiea ie?iauo i?iiuoeaiiuo io?aneae

2.3. Iao/ii-oaoie/aneee i?ia?ann eae iniiaiie oaeoi?

?aciauaiey io?aneae ie?iaiai oicyenoaa

Caeeth/aiea

Eeoa?aoo?a3

5

5



9

12

12

16







Aaaaeaiea



Onei?aiea iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai i?ia?anna iinoiyiii i?aaeuyaeyao iiaua,
ana aieaa aunieea o?aaiaaiey e yeiiiieea e iauanoao ?acee/iuo no?ai -
o/anoieoe ie?iaiai oicyenoaa, nicaeaao iai?yaeaiea ai acaeiinaycyo aai
iiae?acaeaeaiee. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy anoue ana iniiaaiey aiai?eoue ia
oieueei i aicieeiiaaiee, ii e ia oaeoaeaiee no?oeoo?iiai e?ecena
ie?iaiai oicyenoaa.

Ia?aua ino?i iuooeiua i?eciaee e?ecena i?iyaeeenue a ia/aea 70-o aiaeia.
No?oeoo?iay ia?ano?ieea oao aiaeia nouanoaaiii eciaieea io?aneaaua
i?ei?eoaou yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey. Iiauoaiea ?iee ?ano?ninaa?aaeaiey,
iaaeaiea ni?ina ia o?aaeeoeeiiiua aeaeu nu?uey e iaoa?eaeia ?acei
ia?aie/eee ?acaeoea ?yaea aaceniuo i?iecaiaenoa e oaaee/eee ?acaeoea
iaoeiaieeo.

Ie?iaay yeiiiieea yaeyaony neiaeiie, iiaeaeaeiie nenoaiie, eioi?ay
iaoiaeeony a iinoiyiiii eciaiaiee. Iiyoiio ia naaiaeiyoiee aeaiue
eioa?iaoeeiiaeecaoeey ie?iaiai oicyenoaa aeinoeaea iiaiai o?iaiy,
eioi?ie niinianoaotho i?ioeannu eioaa?aoeee. A ?acaeoee
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiuo nee i?iecioee ia?iiiua naeaeae. Ie?iaia i?iecaiaenoai
ii/oe a aeaa ?aca iaaiiyao i?e?ino ianaeaiey. Iiae aeeyieai
iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai i?ia?anna i?ienoiaeyo ea/anoaaiiua i?aia?aciaaiey
ie?iauo i?iecaiaeeoaeueiuo nee. A eiaeono?eaeueiuo no?aiao eaeao
oaoiieiae/aneay ?aaiethoeey. Eioi?iaoeea e naycue, nia?aiaiiay
aaoiiaoecaoeey e eniieueciaaiea ?iaioia, iiaua eneonnoaaiiua iaoa?eaeu
(iieeia?u, eiiiiceou, ea?aieea e ae?.) eciaieee iaeee i?iecaiaenoaa e
i?iaeoeoeee. Iiae aeeyieai iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai i?ia?anna i?iecioee
aeoaieea no?oeoo?iua naeaeae a yeiiiieea, a i?iiuoeaiii ?acaeouo no?aiao
Caiaaea caaa?oeeny ia?aoiae e eioaineaiiio oeio aini?iecaiaenoaa.

Yeiiiie/aneia ?acaeoea eae neaaenoaea iiaeaeaeiinoe nenoaiu ie?iaiai
oicyenoaa ia?ac?uaii naycaii n eciaiaieai niioiioaiey iaaeaeo naeoi?aie
e io?aneyie ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa. A iaeieo neo/ayo aac i?aia?aciaaiee
io?aneaaie no?oeoo?u iaaiciiaeii aeaeueiaeoaa ?acaeoea, /oi oa?aeoa?ii
aeey i?ioeanna o?ainoi?iaoeee iinonioeeaeenoe/aneeo no?ai. A ae?oaeo
no?oeoo?iua eciaiaiey yaeythony neaaenoaeai ?inoa. Iaaeaeo yeiiiie/aneei
?inoii e eciaiaieyie a io?aneaaie no?oeoo?a nouanoaoao ooieoeeiiaeueiay
naycue. Iiyoiio io?aneaaay no?oeoo?a ie?iaiai oicyenoaa iaoiaeeony iiae
i?enoaeueiui aieiaieai aiaeeoeeia.

Ianiio?y ia aieiaiea aiaeeoeeia, a eeoa?aoo?a yoa i?iaeaia inaauaaony
iaaeinoaoi/ii iiae?iaii, ii yoi e iaoaeeaeoaeueii, iioiio /oi yeiiiienou
a aieueoeinoaa naiai iuoathony i?iaiaeece?iaaoue ia naio io?aneaaoth
no?oeoo?o, a i?e/eiu, aeaeouea ca niaie aa oaeouaa ninoiyiea
(iaaeaeoia?iaeiia ?acaeaeaiea o?oaea ia nia?aiaiiii yoaia, i?ioeannu
eioaa?aoeee, aeeyiea iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai i?ia?anna).

Iniiaiay oeaeue aeaiiie ?aaiou iaeiia?aiaiii yaeyaony e aa iniiaiie
o?oaeiinoueth. Caeeth/aaony iia a oii, /oiau nenoaiaoece?iaaoue e
iaiaueoue eiathueany naaaeaiey, aeaoue ii aiciiaeiinoe aieaa oi/iua
aeaiiua, auyaeoue aeaenoaeoaeueiia ninoiyiea io?aneaaie no?oeoo?u
ie?iaiai oicyenoaa, iieacaoue ?ani?aaeaeaiea ie?iauo i?iiuoeaiiuo
iiuiinoae, naycaa aai n yeiiiie/aneei ?acaeoeai ioaeaeueiuo no?ai.



Aeaaa I. Io?aneaaia yeiiiie/aneia iainiiaaiea i?iecaiaenoaa



1.1. Io?aneaaay no?oeoo?a yeiiiieee



Yeiiiieea ethaie no?aiu i?aaenoaaeyao niaie ia?iaeiioicyenoaaiiue
eiiieaen, aicieeathuee ia aaca nioeeaeueiiai e yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey,
iaae?aaeiiaeueiiai ?acaeaeaiey o?oaea e i?ioeannia eioaa?aoeee.

Io?aneaaay, eee eiiiiiaioiay no?oeoo?a ia?iaeiioicyenoaaiiiai eiiieaena
io?aaeaao niioiioaiey, nayce e i?iii?oeee iaaeaeo e?oiiuie a?oiiaie
io?aneae.

Aanue ia?iaeiioicyenoaaiiue eiiieaen iiae?acaeaeyaony ia a?oiiu
io?aneae:

n io?anee iaoa?eaeueiiai i?iecaiaenoaa: i?iiuoeaiiinoue,
no?ieoaeuenoai, naeueneia oicyenoai, a oaeaea io?anee, naycaiiua ni
niaaaeaieai ianaeaiey i?iaeoeoeeae, oi anoue caaioiaee,
iaoa?eaeueii-oaoie/aneia niaaaeaiea, oi?aiaey e iauanoaaiiia ieoaiea;

n io?anee iai?iecaiaenoaaiiie noa?u: aeeeeuii-eiioiaeueiia oicyenoai,
auoiaia ianeoaeeaaiea, o?ainii?o, naycue e o. i.;

n nioeeaeueiia ianeoaeeaaiea ianaeaiey: cae?aaiio?aiaiea, iaoea,
eoeueoo?a e eneonnoai, i?inaauaiea, io?anee oi?aaeaiey e iai?iiu.

Aeey eco/aiey ethaiai ia?iaeiioicyenoaaiiiai eiiieaena aieueoia cia/aiea
eiaao io?aneaaay ooieoeeiiaeueiay eeanneoeeaoeey. Iia aeeth/aao /aou?a
a?oiiu io?aneae: 1) ia?ae/iua - aeiauaathuay i?iiuoeaiiinoue e naeueneia
oicyenoai; 2) aoi?e/iua - ia?aaaouaathuay i?iiuoeaiiinoue; 3) o?ainii?o,
oi?aiaey, aeeeeuiia no?ieoaeuenoai, cae?aaiio?aiaiea, ianeoaeeaathuea
i?iecaiaenoai e ianaeaiea; 4) oi?aaeaiea, iaoea e iao/iia ianeoaeeaaiea.

?acaeoea i?iecaiaenoaa i?eaiaeeo e iinoiyiiiio auaeaeaieth iiauo
io?aneae i?iecaiaenoaa, iniaaiii ia aaca iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai i?ia?anna.
I?e yoii eaeao i?ioeann nieaeaiey aeiee aeiauaathueo io?aneae ca n/ao
?inoa iaoeiaieeo.

Aeey nia?aiaiiie no?oeoo?u ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa oa?aeoa?iie /a?oie
yaeyaony iaee/ea io?aneaauo e iaaeio?aneaauo eiiieaenia. I?e/ai ana a
aieueoae noaiaie a ianoiyuaa a?aiy eaeao i?ioeann oe?aieaiey
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo naycae, eioaa?aoeee ?aciuo nooiaiae i?iecaiaenoaa.
Neiaeeeenue oaeea iaaeio?aneaaua eiiieaenu, eae oiieeaii-yia?aaoe/aneee,
iaoaeeo?ae/aneee, iaoeiino?ieoaeueiue, oeieei-eaniie, no?ieoaeueiue,
aa?ii?iiuoeaiiue, o?ainii?oiue. Ana yoe eiiieaenu eiatho a naith
i/a?aaeue neiaeioth e aeeooa?aioee?iaaiioth no?oeoo?o.

A oneiaeyo ?acaeoey ?uii/iuo ioiioaiee ana aieueoaa cia/aiea i?eia?aoaao
eio?ano?oeoo?a. Eio?ano?oeoo?a - yoi niaieoiiinoue iaoa?eaeueiuo
n?aaenoa aeey iaania/aiey i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo e nioeeaeueii-auoiauo
iio?aaiinoae. Iia iiae?acaeaeyaony ia i?iecaiaenoaaiioth e
nioeeaeueioth. I?iecaiaenoaaiiay eio?ano?oeoo?a aeeth/aao o?ainii?o,
naycue, neeaaeneia e oa?iia oicyenoai, iaoa?eaeueii-oaoie/aneia
niaaaeaiea, eiaeaia?iua nii?oaeaiey, oaieio?annu, aiaeii?iaiae,
eiiioieeaoeee e naoe, aaci- e iaooai?iaiaeu, e??eaaoeeiiiua nenoaiu e o.
ae.; nioeeaeueiay - iannaaee?neee o?ainii?o, eiiioiaeueii-auoiaia
oicyenoai ai?iaeia e ianaeaiiuo ioieoia. Eio?ano?oeoo?a eae
i?iecaiaenoaaiiay, oae e nioeeaeueiay ea?aao aaaeiaeooth ?ieue a
eiiieaeniinoe ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa e a inaiaiee iiauo oa??eoi?ee.
Oi/aony caiaoeoue, /oi ia noa?oiaii o?iaia ia?aoiaea e ?uii/iui
ioiioaieyi a iaoae no?aia neiaeeeanue ia?aoeeiiaeueiay io?aneaaay
no?oeoo?a. Io?anee iaoa?eaeueiiai i?iecaiaenoaa ninoaaeytho nauoa 70%,
io?anee iai?iecaiaenoaaiiie noa?u - iaiaa 30% ?aaeiiaeueiay yeiiiieea:
O/aa. iiniaea aeey aocia / O.A. Ii?iciaa, I.I. Iiaaaeeia, A.A. Iieye e
ae?.; Iiae ?aae. i?io. O.A. Ii?iciaie. - I.: Aaiee e ae?aee, THIEOE,
1995. - n. 62. . ?uii/iay aea yeiiiieea a oeeaeeeciaaiiuo no?aiao
oa?aeoa?ecoaony ae?oaeie i?iii?oeeyie, a aieueoeinoaa ec ieo nauoa 50%
ninoaaeytho io?anee nioeeaeueiie, iai?iecaiaenoaaiiie noa?u Ni. oai
aea. - n. 62..

Nia?aiaiiay i?iiuoeaiiinoue oa?aeoa?ecoaony aunieei o?iaiai
niaoeeaeecaoeee. A ?acoeueoaoa oaeoaeaiey iauanoaaiiiai ?acaeaeaiey
o?oaea aicieeei

iiiaeanoai io?aneae, iiaeio?aneae e aeaeia i?iecaiaenoa, ia?acothueo a
naiae niaieoiiinoe io?aneaaoth no?oeoo?o i?iiuoeaiiinoe, eioi?ay
ii?aaeaeyaony iiiaeie iauanoaaiiuie e yeiiiie/aneeie oaeoi?aie.
Iniiaiuie ec ieo yaeythony: o?iaaiue ?acaeoey i?iecaiaenoaa, oaoie/aneee
i?ia?ann, iauanoaaiii-enoi?e/aneea oneiaey, i?iecaiaenoaaiiua iaauee
ianaeaiey, i?e?iaeiua ?ano?nu. Iaeaieaa nouanoaaiiui oaeoi?ii,
ii?aaeaeythuei eciaiaiey io?aneaaie no?oeoo?u i?iiuoeaiiinoe, aunooiatho
iao/ii-oaoie/aneee i?ia?ann e aai iniiaiua iai?aaeaiey - aaoiiaoecaoeey,
eiiiuethoa?ecaoeey e iaoaiecaoeey i?iecaiaenoaa, niaa?oainoaiaaiea
oaoiieiaee, niaoeeaeecaoeey e eiiia?e?iaaiea i?iecaiaenoaa. Eciaiaiea e
niaa?oainoaiaaiea io?aneaaie no?oeoo?u i?iiuoeaiiinoe iiae aicaeaenoaeai
iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai i?ia?anna i?ienoiaeyo iai?a?uaii.

A aeaenoaothuae ia naaiaeiyoiee aeaiue eeanneoeeaoeee i?iiuoeaiiinoe
auaeaeaiu iyoue eiiieaeniuo io?aneae. Oae, oiieeaii-yia?aaoe/aneee
eiiieaen aeeth/aao io?anee oiieeaiie e yia?aaoe/aneie i?iiuoeaiiinoe
(oaieueioth, iaooyioth, aaciaoth, neaioeaaoth, oi?oyioth,
yeaeo?iyia?aaoeeo). Iao/ii-oaoie/aneee i?ia?ann ieacuaaao iniaaiii
aieueoia aeeyiea ia io?aneaaoth no?oeoo?o iaoeiino?iaiey, aaea iieo/atho
?acaeoea oaeea io?anee, eae yeaeo?ioaoie/aneay, i?eai?ino?ieoaeueiay n
iiaeio?aneyie: i?iecaiaenoai n?aaenoa au/eneeoaeueiie oaoieee, i?eai?ia
eiio?iey e ?aaoee?iaaiey neiaeiuo oaoiieiae/aneeo i?ioeannia, ?iaioia e
o. ae. nicaeaiu iiaua iiaeio?anee a iaoaeeo?ae/aneie, oeie/aneie e
ae?oaeo io?aneyo i?iiuoeaiiinoe.

I?iiuoeaiiinoue iiae?acaeaeyaony ia aeiauaathuoth e ia?aaaouaathuoth.
Io?anee ia?aaaouaathuae i?iiuoeaiiinoe ninoaaeytho iniiao oyaeaeie
eiaeono?ee. Ia eo aeieth i?eoiaeeony 90% iauaai iauaia i?iaeoeoeee
i?iiuoeaiiinoe11 ?aaeiiaeueiay yeiiiieea: O/aa. iiniaea aeey aocia /
O.A. Ii?iciaa, I.I. Iiaaaeeia, A.A. Iieye e ae?.; Iiae ?aae. i?io. O.A.
Ii?iciaie. - I.: Aaiee e ae?aee, THIEOE, 1995. - n. 62. . Ii
yeiiiie/aneiio iacia/aieth i?iaeoeoeee any i?iiuoeaiiinoue aeaeeony ia
aeaa aieueoea a?oiiu: i?iecaiaenoai n?aaenoa i?iecaiaenoaa (a?oiia A)
e i?i-

ecaiaenoai i?aaeiaoia iio?aaeaiey (a?oiia A). Aeiey i?iaeoeoeee io?aneae
a?oiiu

A ninoaaeyao aieaa 65% 11 ?aaeiiaeueiay yeiiiieea: O/aa. iiniaea aeey
aocia / O.A. Ii?iciaa, I.I. Iiaaaeeia, A.A. Iieye e ae?.; Iiae ?aae.
i?io. O.A. Ii?iciaie. - I.: Aaiee e ae?aee, THIEOE, 1995. - n. 62..
Aeaeaiea i?iiuoeaiiinoe ia a?oiiu eiaao aaaeiia yeiiiie/aneia cia/aiea.
Iii iicaieyao ii?aaeaeeoue iaoo?aeueii-aauanoaaiiue ninoaa
i?iecaaaeaiiie i?iaeoeoeee, en/eneeoue aeieth eaaeaeie a?oiiu a iauai
iauaia i?iiuoeaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa e ia yoie iniiaa onoaiiaeoue
i?aaeeueiia niioiioaiea iaaeaeo i?iecaiaenoaii n?aaenoa i?iecaiaenoaa e
i?iecaiaenoaii i?aaeiaoia iio?aaeaiey.

Aaaeiaeoae noa?ie a io?aneaaie no?oeoo?a ie?iaiai oicyenoaa inoaaony
i?iiuoeaiiinoue. Ia aa aeieth i?eoiaeeony 28% AAI i?iiuoeaiii ?acaeouo
no?ai e 27% AAI ?acaeaathueony ainoaea?noa22 Ie?iaay yeiiiieea / Iiae
?aae. A.E.Eiiaeeia. - I.: Ecaeaoaeueneee oeaio? Ai-eee,1995. -
n.120.. Aaaeouaa iieiaeaiea a iauai?iiuoeaiiie no?oeoo?a caieiatho
ia?aaaouaathuea io?anee, eioi?ua iaania/eaatho o?iaaiue oaoie/aneiai
?acaeoey ae?oaeo noa? oicyenoaa, oae eae a ieo aeeoioee?othony
iao/ii-oaoie/aneea aeinoeaeaiey. A eiaeono?eaeueiuo no?aiao ia ieo
i?eoiaeeony 82,6% i?iiuoeaiiie i?iaeoeoeee e 23% AAI, a ?acaeaathueony -
niioaaonoaaiii 73 e 20%33 Oai aea. - n.120.. A ?acaeaathueony
ainoaea?noaao a ioee/ee io i?iiuoeaiii ?acaeouo i?iecioei oaaee/aiea
aeiee ia?aaaouaathuae i?iiuoeaiiinoe. Ii ia?a ?acaeoey no?ai i?ienoiaeeo
ia?aoiae io aaciauo io?aneae, yaeythueony ?ano?niaieeie, e iaoeiaieei
io?aneyi. I?e yoii iaaethaeaaony ii?aaeaeaiiay iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoue a
ia?aoiaea nia/aea io aunieie aeiee nu?ueaauo e oaoie/anee ianeiaeiuo
i?iecaiaenoa e eaieoaeiaieei e iaoa?eaeiaieei e caoai e iaoeiaieei
io?aneyi. Ii no?oeoo?iua eciaiaiey a i?iiuoeaiiinoe ia i?eaiaeyo e
iieiie caiaia iaeieo io?aneae ae?oaeie: iaiyaony i?ei?eoaoiinoue eo
?acaeoey.

Aeiey aeiauaathuae i?iiuoeaiiinoe ai anao iiaenenoaiao nie?auaeanue.
Aeey 70 - 80-o aiaeia, eae e i?aaeaea auei oa?aeoa?ii nie?auaiea aeiee
naeueneioi-

cyenoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa a nicaeaiee AAI eae a i?iiuoeaiii ?acaeouo,
oae e a ?acaeaathueony. Iaeiaei yooaeoeaiinoue naeueneiai oicyenoaa a
aieueoeinoaa ?aeiiia ie?a iiauneeanue. A caiaaeiuo no?aiao i?iecioei
ia?aciaaiea aa?a?ii-i?iiuoeaiiiai eiiieaena, /oi i?eaaei e oeo/oaieth
eniieueciaaiey eiia/iie i?iaeoeoeee. A i?iiuoeaiii ?acaeouo no?aiao ia
aeieth naeueneioicyenoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa i?eoiaeeony 2,3% e a
?acaeaathueony no?aiao - 15,4% AAI11 Ie?iaay yeiiiieea / Iiae ?aae.
A.E.Eiiaeeia. - I.: Ecaeaoaeueneee oeaio? Ai-eee,1995. - n.120..

Yoi ieacaei aeeyiea e ia eciaiaiea no?oeoo?u aiaoiae oi?aiaee. A oeaeii,
iia naeaeaaeanue a noi?iio i?iaeoeoeee ia?aaaouaathuae i?iiuoeaiiinoe. A
eiioea 80-o aiaeia ia aa aeieth i?eoiaeeeinue 75% iauaia aiaoiae
oi?aiaee ie?a (1980 aiae - 58%), a ?acaeaathueony no?aiao - 68% iauaia
aiaoiae oi?aiaee (1980 aiae - 42%)22 Oai aea. - n.120.. I?e yoii
?acaeaathueany no?aiu ia oieueei noaee aieueoa yenii?oe?iaaoue
i?iaeoeoeee ia?aaaouaathuae i?iiuoeaiiinoe, ii e aieueoa eiii?oe?iaaoue
iaoeiaieeo oiaa?ia.



1.2. Eiee/anoaaiiia ii?aaeaeaiea e oa??eoi?eaeueiue aniaeo

niaoeeaeece?othueony io?aneae



Aaaeiia aeeyiea ia ooieoeeiie?iaaiea io?aneaaie no?oeoo?u oicyenoaaiiie
nenoaiu ieacuaaao ?aciauaiea ?ano?nia ii oa??eoi?ee ie?a, a oaeaea
i?aaiecaoeeiiiua oi?iu, a eioi?uo i?ienoiaeeo eniieueciaaiea ?ano?nia.
Ia?iaeii-oicyenoaaiiue eiiieaen ioaeaeueii acyoie no?aiu ioee/aaony
neiaeiie no?oeoo?ie, a eioi?ie ia?yaeo n io?aneaaie ioaeii auaeaeeoue ia
iaiaa aaaeioth no?oeoo?o - oa??eoi?eaeueioth.

Iiae oa??eoi?eaeueiie no?oeoo?ie iiieiaaony /eaiaiea nenoaiu ia?iaeiiai
oicyenoaa ii oa??eoi?eaeueiui y/aeeai (oaeniiai) - ciiai, ?aeiiai
?aciiai ?aiaa, i?iiuoeaiiui oeaio?ai, oceai. Iia iaiyaony ai?acaei
iaaeeaiiaa, /ai

io?aneaaay no?oeoo?a, oae eae iniiaiua aa yeaiaiou neeueiaa i?eaycaiu
e eii-

e?aoiie oa??eoi?ee. Iaeiaei inaiaiea iiauo oa??eoi?ee n oieeaeueiuie
i?e?iaeiuie ?ano?naie iaiyao no?oeoo?o ioaeaeueiuo ?aaeiiia e
niinianoaoao oi?ie?iaaieth iiauo oa??eoi?eaeueiuo eiiieaenia.

I?ino?ainoaaiiia ni/aoaiea io?aneae e ioaeaeueiuo i?iecaiaenoa
neeaaeuaaaony iiae aeeyieai iiiaeo oaeoi?ia. E iei ioiinyony
iaania/aiiinoue ieia

?aeueii-nu?ueaauie ?ano?naie, oiieeaii-yia?aaoe/aneeie, iaoa?eaeueiuie,
o?oaeiauie. Ioia/aiiua oaeoi?u oanii naycaiu iaaeaeo niaie, ieacuaay
ii?aaeaeaiiia aicaeaenoaea ia ?aciauaiea i?aaei?eyoee e io?aneae
ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa. A i?ioeanna ?aciauaiey i?iecaiaenoaa neiaeeeenue
?acee/iua oi?iu oa??eoi?eaeueiie i?aaiecaoeee. Auaeaeytho e?oiiua
yeiiiie/aneea ciiu, i?iiuoeaiiua ?aeiiu, i?iiuoeaiiua aaeiia?aoeee,
i?iiuoeaiiua oceu, i?iiuoeaiiua oeaio?u e i?iiuoeaiiua ioieou.

Aiaeec io?aneaaie no?oeoo?u yeiiiieee i?iecaiaeeony ia iniiaa iieacaoaey
AAI, iiaen/eoaiiiai ii io?aneyi. I?aaeaea anaai eco/aaony niioiioaiea
iaaeaeo e?oiiuie ia?iaeiioicyenoaaiiuie io?aneyie iaoa?eaeueiiai e
iaiaoa?eaeueiiai i?iecaiaenoaa. Yoi niioiioaiea auyaeyaony i?aaeaea
anaai ii oaeaeueiiio aano ia?aaaouaathuae i?iiuoeaiiinoe.

Aaaeiia cia/aiea eiaao e enneaaeiaaiea no?oeoo?u ioaeaeueiuo io?aneae.
Oae, io?aneaaie aiaeec ia?aaaouaathuae i?iiuoeaiiinoe iieacuaaao, eaeie
oaeaeueiue aan a iae caieiatho iaoeiino?iaiea e oeiey, oi anoue io?anee.
Iaania/eaathuea iao/ii-oaoie/aneee i?ia?ann. Aaeeea aeeaa?neoeeaoeey
aaaeoueo io?aneae. Iai?eia?, eiee/anoai iaoeiino?ieoaeueiuo io?aneae e
i?iecaiaenoa a eiaeono?eaeueii ?acaeouo no?aiao ie?a aeinoeaaao 150 -
200 e aieaa, e eeoue 10- 15 - a no?aiao n ioiineoaeueii ieceei o?iaiai
yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey11 Yeiiiieea: O/aaiee / Iiae ?aae. aeioe. A.N.
Aoeaoiaa. - I.: Ecaeaoaeuenoai AAE, 1996. - n. 476. . Aiaeece?oaony
oaeaea oaeaeueiue aan e?oiiuo oicyenoaaiiuo eiiieaenia:
oiieeaii-yia?aeoe/aneiai, aa?ii?iiuoeaiiiai, no?ieoaeueiiai e
eiino?oeoeeiiiuo iaoa?eaeia, iai?iiiiai, aiaiii-i?iiuoeaiiiai e ae?. Aac
ii?aaeaeaiey niaoeeaeece?othueo io?aneae ia iaoiaeeony ie iaeia ?aaioa,
naycaiiay n yeiiiieeie ?aaeiia. Aeey yoiai neaaeoao eniieueciaaoue
oai?aoe/anee iainiiaaiiua iieacaoaee, eioi?ua oanii naycaiu n ae?oaeie
iieacaoaeyie oa??eoi?eaeueiiai ?acaeaeaiey o?oaea. Iineieueeo a iniiaa
?uii/iie niaoeeaeecaoeee eaaeeo oa??eoi?eaeueiia ?acaeaeaiea
iauanoaaiiiai o?oaea, neaaeiaaoaeueii, e ii?aaeaeaiea
niaoeeaeece?othueony io?aneae aeieaeai aace?iaaoueny ia auyaeaiee aeiee
o/anoey ?aaeiia a iauanoaaiiii ?acaeaeaiee o?oaea.

Aeey eiee/anoaaiiiai ii?aaeaeaiey o?iaiy niaoeeaeecaoeee yeiiiie/aneeo
?aeiiia eniieuecothony oaeea iieacaoaee, eae eiyooeoeeaio eieaeecaoeee,
eiyooeoeeaio aeooaaiai i?iecaiaenoaa e eiyooeoeeaio iaae?aeiiiie
oiaa?iinoe. Oaeaea iaeiei ec aeaaiuo e?eoa?eaa ?aciauaiey io?aneae ia
ii?aaeaeaiiie oa??eoi?ee yaeyaony iieacaoaeue eo yeiiiie/aneie
yooaeoeaiinoe (naaanoieiinoue i?iaeoeoeee n o/aoii aa aeinoaaee
iio?aaeoaeth, oaeaeueiua eaieoaeueiua aeiaeaiey ia aaeeieoeo iiuiinoe e
i?eaueue). Ia?yaeo n oeacaiiuie iieacaoaeyie ii eaaeaeie io?anee
i?iecaiaenoaa ?ac?aaaouaaaony nenoaia oaoieei-yeiiiie/aneeo iieacaoaeae
aa ?aciauaiey. Aaaeiia cia/aiea aeey iainiiaaiey ?aciauaiey
i?iecaiaenoaa eiatho iaania/aiiinoue ?aai/eo iniiaiuie
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuie oiiaeaie, yia?aiaii?oaeaiiinoue, caianu ?ano?nia e
i?.



Aeaaa II. Io?aneaaay no?oeoo?a ie?iaiai oicyenoaa



1.1. Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia ?acaeaeaiea o?oaea



A ianoiyuaa a?aiy iaaiciiaeii oeacaoue oaeoth no?aio, eioi?ay n/eoaea au
iao/anoea a ie?iaii oicyenoaa ioaa/athuei iaoeeiiaeueiui eioa?anai.
?uii/iue iaoiae oicyenoaiaaiey aioae a /enei i?eciaiuo
iauaoeeaeeecaoeeiiiuo oeaiiinoae. N iiceoeee ie?iaiai oicyenoaa
i?eaeaeatho aieiaiea neaaeothuea o?e nia?aiaiiua oaiaeaioeee ?acaeoey:

n cia/eoaeueiia ?anoe?aiea oi?i aeaeiaie aeoeaiinoe, eioi?ua
iaiin?aaenoaaiii i?eaiaeyo e ?anoe?aieth ca?oaaaeiuo eiaanoeoeee;

n ?aoeoaeueiia auaeaeaeaiea ia ia?aue ieai iaaeaeoia?iaeii
iia?e?othuaai i?iecaiaenoaa, eioi?ia a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue annioeee?oaony
n o?ainiaoeeiiaeueiuie ei?ii?aoeeyie;

n i?aeoe/aneia iiaeoaa?aeaeaiea eaeae i aiciiaeiinoe ?acee/iuo
iaoeeiiaeueiuo ia?aaeeai a ii?aaeaeaiee oi?i, iaoiaeia e n?aaenoa
eioaa?aoeee a ie?iaie yeiiiieea.

Ia i?ioyaeaiee anae enoi?ee /aeiaa/anoaa ?acaeoea iauanoaaiiiai
i?iecaiaenoaa auei naycaii n i?ia?annii ?acaeaeaiey o?oaea, a oii /enea
iaoeeiiaeueii-oa??eoi?eaeueiiai, iaaeno?aiiaiai. ?acee/iua aeaeu e oi?iu
iaiaia yeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoueth iaaeaeo no?aiaie i?eaaee e
iiyaeaieth niaoeeoe/aneeo- iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo - ioiioaiee, ioaaouaathueo
oi?aiaeth, a oaeaea aeaeaeaiea eaieoaea, ?aai/ae neeu, iao/iuo e
oaoiieiae/aneeo ciaiee, iiuoa e eioi?iaoeee.

Iinoiyiiua eciaiaiey a oa?aeoa?a o?oaea iiae aicaeaenoaeai
iao/ii-oaoie-/aneiai i?ia?anna nii?iaiaeaeathony oneeaieai
niaoeeaeecaoeee e i?eaioe?iaaiiinoe oao eee eiuo i?iecaiaenoa e no?ai ia
auione eiie?aoiuo oiaa?ia, i?eiinyueo iaeaieueooth yeiiiie/aneoth
auaiaeo. A oi aea a?aiy ia?yaeo n oaeoaeaieai oicyenoaaiiuo ?acee/ee
ioaeaeueiuo a?oii i?iecaiaeeoaeae aic?anoaao eo acaeiicaaeneiinoue ia
oieueei a iaiaia ?acoeueoaoaie o?oaea, ii e a i?aaiecaoeee niaianoiiai
i?iecaiaenoaa ia i?eioeeiao eiiia?aoeee, eiiaeie?iaaiey,
acaeiiaeiiieiyaiinoe i?iecaiaenoaaiii-oaoiieiae/aneeo e
?ano?nii-nauoiauo i?ioeannia. Neaaeiaaoaeueii, iaaeaeoia?iaeiia
?acaeaeaiea o?oaea e ?acuaaeeiyao i?iecaiaeeoaeae, e nicaeaao
oicyenoaaiiua noeioeu aeey eo niaaeeiaiey, eiinieeaeaoeee oneeee ia
?acee/iuo noaaeeyo i?iecaiaenoaa, ?aaeecaoeee oiaa?ia e oneoa.

Oneeaiea eioa?iaoeeiiaeecaoeee oicyenoaaiiie aeecie - iaeia ec aeaaiuo
/a?o naaiaeiyoiaai ?acaeoey ie?iaiai oicyenoaa. A aai iniiaa eaaeeo
oaeoaeaiea iaaeaeoia?iaeiie niaoeeaeecaoeee i?iecaiaenoaa, n eioi?ie
oanii naycaiu oaeea oi?iu o/anoey anao no?ai a ie?ioicyenoaaiiuo naycyo
eae aiaoiyy oi?aiaey oiaa?aie e oneoaaie, iaaeaeoia?iaeiay iea?aoeey
eaieoaea e ?aai/ae neeu, eioaa?aoeey.

Naeaeae a oa?aeoa?a ?acaeoey anaie?iiai ?acaeaeaiey o?oaea ca iineaaeiea
10-15 eao nouanoaaiii eciaieee oneiaey iaaeaeoia?iaeiie niaoeeaeecaoeee.
Onei?aiea iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai i?ia?anna aeiaaaeei e o?aaeeoeeiiiui
oaeoi?ai niaoeeaeecaoeee i?iecaiaenoaa iiaua noeioeu, naeaeaa
ianoiyoaeueii iaiaoiaeeiie niioaaonoaothuoth ia?ano?ieeo no?oeoo?u
i?iecaiaenoaa e yenii?oa.

Yeiiiie/aneee i?ia?ann a iaoa a?aiy neaaeoao ioeaieaaoue a aeaoo
acaeiinaycaiiuo, oioy nianai ia iaycaoaeueii niaiaaeathueo, ecia?aieyo.
*oiau ii?aaeaeeoue aai ninoaaeythuea, iauai?eiyoua noaiaea?oiua
iieacaoaee o?iaiy, no?oeoo?u, aeeiaieee i?iecaiaenoaa e iio?aaeaiey
oeaeaniia?acii aeiiieieoue aeaiiuie, oa?aeoa?ecothueie o/anoea eaaeaeie
no?aiu a iaaeaeoia?iaeiii ?acaeaeaiee o?oaea, e ?ano?nu, ia eioi?ua yoi
o/anoea iie?aaony. Iineaaeiyy a?oiia aeaiiuo niaea?aeeo oieeaeueioth
eioi?iaoeeth i eiieo?aioiiniiniaiinoe ianoiie i?iaeoeoeee, eioi?ay a
ia?aii i?eaeeaeaiee iiaeao neoaeeoue eiaeeeaoi?ii yooaeoeaiinoe
niioaaonoaothueo i?iecaiaenoa n oi/ee c?aiey ie?iauo noaiaea?oia. A
iaaeaeoia?iaeiia ?acaeaeaiea o?oaea oaeoe/anee aeeth/aiu iiiaea noa?u
oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe. Ianoi e ?ieue ethaie no?aiu a
iaaeaeoia?iaeiii ?acaeaeaiee o?oaea ii?aaeaeyaony anae niaieoiiinoueth
aa ?aaeueiuo eiii?oiuo iio?aaiinoae e yenii?oiuo aiciiaeiinoae, oae eae
e oi e ae?oaia iaiaoiaeeii aeey auyaeaiey yeiiiie/aneiai iioaioeeaea
ie?iiauaiey no?ai.

Aoi?ay ie?iaay aieia, a caoai e oieiaeiay aieia ieacaeenue i?aa?aaeie ia
iooe ?acaeoey anaie?iuo yeiiiie/aneeo naycae, iaaeieai inoaiiaea aai.
Oai ia iaiaa ie?ioicyenoaaiiua nayce iinoaiaiii ie?aiee, iniaaiii iinea
?aniaaea eieiieaeueiie nenoaiu e ?acaa?ouaaiey (i?e iiuiie iiaeaea?aeea
Niaaoneiai Nithca) ai?ueau iaoeeiiaeueiuo iacaaeneiuo ainoaea?noa ca
yeiiiie/aneoth naiinoiyoaeueiinoue e ei?aiiia eciaiaiea
ainiiaenoaiaaaoaai a ie?iaii eaieoaeenoe/aneii oicyenoaa ii?yaeea,
iicaieyaoaai iaeiei no?aiai ?acaeaaoueny e i?ioeaaoaoue ca n/ao ae?oaeo
ainoaea?noa e ia?iaeia.

Niaoeeoeea ioiioaiee iaaeaeo, oneiaii aiai?y, i?iiuoeaiii ?acaeoui
Naaa?ii - caiaaeiuie ainoaea?noaaie, e THaii - auaoeie eieiieyie
(?acaeaathueieny no?aiaie) ninoiyea a no?aieaiee iaeieo a?oii
oeiainiaiai eaieoaea ( ii i?aeiouanoao aeiaeaiiiai a
yia?ai-ieia?aeueii-nu?ueaaua ?ano?nu) nio?aieoue a iniiaa i?aaeithth
nenoaio ioiioaiee ie?iaiai oicyenoaa, eeoue a eaeie -oi ia?a
iiaea?iece?iaaa aa n o/aoii o?aaiaaiee ?acaeaathueony no?ai. A oi aea
a?aiy ae?oaay a?oiia oeiainiaiai eaieoaea (i?aaenoaaeyaoay aeaaiui
ia?acii iaoeiaieea, aunieioaoiieiae/aneea io?anee e?oiiaeoeo
eiaanoi?ia), i?eaea?aeeaaeanue eiie no?aoaaee: iia no?aieeanue e
i?aiaeieaieth neaai?acaeoinoe auaoeo eieiiee e caaeneiuo no?ai aeey
oiai, /oiau a ia?niaeoeaa (oaea a nithca n oi?ie?othueiny a yoeo no?aiuo
e?oiiui eaieoaeii) oe?aieoue naie iiceoeee ai ana aieaa iaino?yaoaeny
eiieo?aioiie ai?ueaa.

Iaino?aiea niia?ie/anoaa a ?acee/iuo noa?ao iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo
yeiiiie/aneeo ioiioaiee aucaaei aeoaieea ia?aiaiu a ie?iaii oicyenoaa.
Iiiioeaio?eci (iiaeaaeythuaa i?aainoiaenoai NOA iaae ae?oaeie no?aiaie,
aoiaeyueie a ie?iaia eaieoaeenoe/aneia oicyenoai) niaieeny
iieeoeaio?eciii. Eioaa?aoeeiiiua i?ioeannu i?e yoii ia iiaee
ia?aie/eaaoueny aa?iiaeneei eiioeiaioii. Acaeiicaaeneiinoue no?ai e
ia?iaeia, oneeeaaaiay aicaeaenoaeai nia?aiaiiie iao/ii-oaoie/aneie
?aaiethoeee e ?aniino?aiaieai aaeoaue e aoe?ue ?uii/iiai iaoaiecia
oicyenoaiaaiey, noaiiaeeanue eaoaai?e/aneei eiia?aoeaii a?aiaie.

Iieacaoaeueii, /oi oi?ie?iaaiea ie?iaiai oicyenoaa caaa?oeeinue i?eia?ii
noieaoea iacaae, eiaaea aai noauaeou - aea?aeaau, eiaiiaaaoeany a oi
a?aiy eiia?eaeenoe/aneeie, eieiieaeenoneeie, ianeeuenoaaiii aoyioee a
i?aeoo naieo aiaoiayeiiiie/aneeo naycae aanue ie?. Ioiioaiey oeaio?a e
ia?eoa?ee a oio ia?eiae oa?aeoa?eciaaeenue eae yenieoaoaoi?neea, eai
iaeeoei auee iayeaeaaeaioiia ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiea ?ano?nia e yenii?o
iao?iiieeyie a caaeneiua no?aiu ii?aaeaeaiiuo iiaeaeae oicyenoaiaaiey.

Ai aoi?ie iieiaeia OO a., iniaaiii a iineaaeiae aai /aoaa?oe, yoe
ioiioaiey ieacaeenue nouanoaaiii ia?ano?iaiiuie. Ai-ia?auo, i?iiuoeaiii
?acaeoua no?aiu i?iaeaiiino?e?iaaee niiniaiinoue yooaeoeaii ?acaeaaoueny
aac eieiiee. Iinoeiia?eaeenoe/aneay noaaeey eo ?acaeoey niaiaea n
ia?aoiaeii e iinoeiaeono?eaeueiie iiaeaee (yia?ai- e ?ano?ninaa?aaathuaa
i?iecaiaenoai eioaineaiiai oeia n oe?ieei eniieueciaaieai aeinoeaeaiee
oaoiieiae/aneiai i?ia?anna).

Ai-aoi?uo, oieaa?naeueiay e aeeiaie/iay ii naiaio oa?aeoa?o nia?aiaiiay
iao/ii-oaoie/aneay ?aaiethoeey ia?aea ia iniiaa noi?ie?iaaaoaainy
nioeeaeueii i?eaioe?iaaiiiai ?uii/iiai iaoaiecia i?eioeeieaeueii iiaua
oi?iu naiaai ?acaa?ouaaiey.

A-o?aoueeo, ?uii/iay iiaeaeue oicyenoaiaaiey i?eia?aea anaiauee,
oieaa?naeueiue oa?aeoa?. Noa?a iaaeaeoia?iaeiiia ?acaeaeaiey o?oaea
iieo/eea i?aaie/aneoth iaoeeiiaeueii-?uii/ioth iniiaoai anao oaieeao
caiiiai oa?a. Yoi niinianoaoao iiyaeaieth iiauo iiuiuo eiioeuenia e
oicyenoaaiiiio naeeaeaieth no?ai e ia?iaeia, iinoaiaiiiio
i?aia?aciaaieth aiaoiayeiiiie/aneeo naycae a ie?ioicyenoaaiiua nayce
?aaiii?aaiiai nio?oaeie/anoaa, oi?ie?othuea /a?ou nia?aiaiiie ie?iaie
yeiiiieee.

A-/aoaa?ouo, yia?aaoe/aneee, aaethoiue, nu?ueaaie e ae?oaea ie?iaua
e?ecenu (a /anoiinoe, caaeieaeaiiinoe ?acaeaathueony no?ai),
i?aaeii?aaeaeeee nouanoaaiiua eieaaaiey ia ie?iauo ?uieao oiaa?ia e
oneoa. A oeaeii oeeeee/aneea e no?oeoo?iua e?ecenu 70 - 80-o e ia/aea
90-o aiaeia ieacaee aeoaieia aicaeaenoaea ia eciaiaiey a nenoaia
ioiioaiee ie?iaiai oicyenoaa. Iii, eae oaea ioia/aeinue, ana a aieueoae
ia?a noaei i?eia?aoaoue iaeii?iaeiue, aeiaaeueii-?uii/iue oa?aeoa?
(ianiio?y ia nio?aiythueany ?acee/ey a oa?aeoa?a no?iy ?aciuo no?ai, a
/anoiinoe ia aai niaoeeoeeo a ?innee e ainoaea?noaao Ainoi/iie Aa?iiu, a
EI?, Eaina, EIAe?, AeA?, ia Eoaa). A yoie nayce oi?iu e aeaeu ioiioaiee
a ?aieao ie?iaiai oicyenoaa iaia?oaeeaatho a naiai ?acaeoee na?ueaciua
ea/anoaaiiua naeaeae.

Ia?yaeo n oaeoaeaieai o?aaeeoeeiiiuo aeaeia iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai
?acaeaeaiey o?oaea oneeeaathony i?aaeiaoiia, iiaeaoaeueiia,
oaoiieiae/aneia, i?aaiecaoeeiiii-oi?aaeai/aneia ?acaeaeaiea o?oaea eae
ia aioo?eoe?iaiii-iaaeno?aiiaii, oae e ia iaaeainoaea?noaaiiii o?iaiyo.
Ana aieaa ia?aieaoathony ?aciiai ?iaea oicyenoaaiiua, oeiainiaua,
iao/iua, oaoie/aneea e ae?oaea ioiioaiey a ieaia eae
iaaeainoaea?noaaiiuo aeiaiai?ia e niaeaoaiee, oae e nithcia, aeueyinia,
no?aoaae/aneeo iauaaeeiaiee iaaeaeo ei?ii?aoeeyie. I?e yoii ino?ioa
i?ioeai?a/ee niia?ie/athueo ainoaea?noa e eiiiaiee ia oieueei ia
oiaiueoaaony, ii e, iai?ioea, oneeeaaaony. Iaeiaei, eae ie
ia?aaeienaeueii, niia?ie/anoai, aeioiaeyuaa aei ino?uo oi?i ai?ueau ia
ie?iauo ?uieao ca enoi/ieee nu?uey (i?aaeaea anaai yia?ai?ano?nu), ia
oieueei ia ?aneaeuaaao oicyenoaaiiue ie?, ii e oneeeaaao aai
oeaeinoiinoue, acaeiicaaeneiinoue ainoaea?noa e ei?ii?aoeee.



2.1. ?ani?aaeaeaiea ie?iauo i?iiuoeaiiuo io?aneae



A eiaeono?eaeueii ?acaeouo no?aiao iauay caeiiiia?iinoue io?aneaauo
naeaeaia caeeth/aaony a caiaoiii nieaeaiee oaeaeueiiai aana nu?ueaauo
io?aneae e naeueneiai oicyenoaa, a oaoie/aneie iiaea?iecaoeee
i?iiuoeaiiinoe e auno?ii ?inoa io?aneae noa?u oneoa. Iaeaieaa
?aaeeeaeueiua eciaiaiey i?ienoiaeyo ia o?iaia iiaeio?aneae, a ?aieao
eioi?uo naioth aunieoth aeeiaieeo eiatho iaoeiaieea i?iecaiaenoaa. Oae,
a ia?aaaouaathuae i?iiuoeaiiinoe NOA oiaiueoaiea /eneaiiinoe caiyouo
i?ienoiaeeei a iniiaiii ca n/ao o?aaeeoeeiiiuo io?aneae n aunieie
o?oaeiaieinoueth i?iecaiaenoaa (ieuaaie, oaenoeeueiie, oaaeiie,
eiaeaaaiiie), a oaeaea ca n/ao eaieoaeiaieeo io?aneae (a /anoiinoe,
iaoaeeo?aee). A oiaea a?aiy a yeaeo?ioaoie/aneie i?iiuoeaiiinoe e
i?eai?ino?iaiee /eneaiiinoue caiyouo au?inea ca iineaaeiea 5 eao aieaa
/ai a 1,5 ?aca.

Oa?aeoa?iua eciaiaiey i?enoiaeyo a io?aneaaie no?oeoo?a ?acaeaathueony
no?ai, a iniaaiiinoe oae iacuaaaiuo iiauo eiaeono?eaeueiuo no?ai (IEN).
Yoe no?aiu, a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue ainoi/iiaceaoneay /aoaa?ea (Neiaaio?,
Oaeaaiue, THaeiay Ei?ay, Aiieiia), ana a aieueoae ia?a
niaoeeaeece?othony ia oaoie/anee neiaeiuo e iaoeiaieeo i?iecaiaenoaao
i?e iii?a ia ea/anoai i?iaeoeoeee e aunieoth eaaeeoeeaoeeth ?aaioieeia.
I?aeiouanoaa a i?iecaiaenoaa iaeaieaa i?inouo o?oaeiaieeo ecaeaeee
(iai?eia?, oaenoeey, iaeaaeaeu, iaoae) oaeaaony nio?aieoue eeoue no?aiai
n aieaa aeaoaaie ?aai/ae neeie, iicaeiaa anooieaoei ia iooue yenii?oiie
yeniainee (O?e-Eaiea, Eiaeiiacee, Oeeeeieiai, Aaiaeaaeao). Iie
aeiaeaathony eiieo?aioiiniiniaiinoe oai, aaea iiaua eiaeono?eaeueiua
no?aiu ec-ca ?inoa noieiinoe ?aai/ae neeu oo?aoeee naie iiceoeee.
Iiyoiio a ianoiyuee iiiaio iaaethaeaaony yaii au?aaeaiiay oaiaeaioeey
aeoeaiiai ia?aiauaiey o?oaeiaieeo i?iecaiaenoa ec aieaa ?acaeouo a iaiaa
?acaeoua ainoaea?noaa, e iaiai?io, oaoiiaieeo i?iecaiaenoa - ec iaiaa
?acaeouo a aieaa ?acaeoua. Neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi ec no?ai n aieaa
aeaoaaie ?aai/ae neeie iaeaieueoaai oniaoa aeiaeaathony oa, eioi?ui
oaeaaony ni/aoaoue i?aeiouanoaa aeaoaaie ?aai/ae neeu n auai?i/iui
eniieueciaaieai nia?aiaiiuo iao/ii-oaoie/aneeo aeinoeaeaiee.

Nia?aiaiiia iiieiaiea no?oeoo?u yeiiiieee iie?aaony ia oai?eth o?ao
naeoi?ia, iniiau eioi?ie caeiaeee E.Eea?e. niaeanii yoie oai?ee
ia?iaeiia oicyenoai ninoieo ec ia?ae/iiai, aoi?e/iiai e o?aoe/iiai
naeoi?ia. Aeeiaieeo no?oeoo?u i?iaiaeece?iaaee e iainiiaaee
Aeae.Oo?anouea e N.Eociaoe. aeaiiay oai?ey enoiaeeo ec aeiioacu ia
ii?aaeaeaiiie naeoi?iie noaaeeeiinoe?acaeoey ?uii/iiai oicyenoaa.
N/eoaaony, /oi ?acaeoea eaeao iineaaeiaaoaeueii io iauanoaa, a eioi?ii
aieueoay /anoue yeiiiie/anee aeoeaiiai ianaeaiey caiyoa aeiau/ae e
i?iecaiaenoaii nu?uey (a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue a naeueneii oicyenoaa), e
eiaeono?eaeueiiio, a caoai e iinoeiaeono?eaeueiiio iauanoao (na?aeniay
yeiiiieea), aaea iniiaiay /anoue ianaeaiey caiyoa a noa?a oneoa.

Eciaiaiea niioiioaiey naeoi?ia nii?iaiaeaeaaony no?oeoo?iuie
i?aia?aciaaieyie a i?iiuoeaiiinoe. Nouanoaoao oi/ea c?aiey, /oi n 1880
aiaea aei iaoaai a?aiaie i?ioei iyoue aieueoeo oeeeeia Eiiae?aoueaaa,
ioee/athueony ae?oa io ae?oaa niaoeeoeeie iniiaiuo eiiiaaoeeiiiuo
i?ioeannia. A o?aoueai e /aoaa?oii oeeeeao (n 1900 aiaea) oi?ie?oaony e
?acaeaaaony eiaeono?eaeueiia iauanoai, i?e/ai a o?aoueai (1900-1950
aiaea) eiiiaaoeeiiiay aaca e eiioeuen ?acaeoey nicaeathony oeie/aneie e
yeaeo?ioaoie/aneie i?iiuoeaiiinoueth, a a /aoaa?oii (1950-1990 aiaeu) -
iaooaoeie/aneie e aaoiiiaeeueiie. Iniiaie iyoiai oeeeea, ia/aaoaainy
i?eia?ii a 1990 aiaeo, yaeyaony eioi?iaoeeiiiay oaoieea.

A ioaeaeueiuo no?aiao no?oeoo?iua eciaiaiey aucuaathony ?aciuie, ii
acaeiinaycaiiuie i?e/eiaie. Yoi ioiineony eae e naeoi?aeueiiio, oae e e
io?aneaaiio ?ac?acai. A oeaeii iiaeii eiinoaoe?iaaoue, /oi nouanoaoao
i?e/eiiay naycue iaaeaeo o?iaiai yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey no?aiu e
naeoi?aeueiie no?oeoo?ie aa yeiiiieee. No?oeoo?iua eciaiaiey
ii?aaeaeythony i?e/eiaie aioo?aiiaai oa?aeoa?a, naycaiiuie n aeaeaeaieai
ni?ina eee i?aaeeiaeaiey aneaaenoaee oaoie/aneiai i?ia?anna, e aiaoiaai
oa?aeoa?a, aucaaiiuie oaiaeaioeeyie a ie?iaie yeiiiieea.

Oai?ey o?ao naeoi?ia iauyniyao ooiaeaiaioaeueiua no?oeoo?iua eciaiaiey
i?aaeaea anaai ?acee/iie aeeiaieeie ni?ina iai?iaeoeoeeth io?aneae, /oi
iaoneaaeeaaaony eciaiaieai aeooaauo aeioiaeia ianaeaiey e ia?aaiiia?iui
oaaee/aieai ni?ina ia ioaeaeueiua oiaa?u ii ia?a ?inoa aeioiaeia. E?iia
oiai, aaaeiui oaeoi?ii yaeyaony o?iaaiue i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe o?oaea.

?anniao?eaaaiay oai?ey ia aannii?ia e iiaeao aucaaoue oa eee eiua
aic?aaeaiey. Iaeiaei iiuo iiaeoaa?aeaeaao aa iainiiaaiiinoue ii e?aeiae
ia?a a ioiioaiee ?acaeouo no?ai. Iiyoiio yeiiiienou e iieeoe/aneea
aeayoaee i?eciatho iaee/ea ii?aaeaeaiiuo oaiaeaioeee a ?acaeoee naeoi?ia
e io?aneae, o.a. no?oeoo?iuo eciaiaiee a yeiiiieea, e auaeaeytho
iauanoaa n i?aiaeaaeaieai io?anee oneoa. I?aceaeaio O?A ?.Oa?oeia
ioia/aao: Iu ana ?aaii ?aii eee iicaeii aeieaeiu aoaeai naueiooueny n
oieii iiaie i?iiuoeaiiie ?aaiethoeee. Iiaeiaii oiio eae 100 eao iacaae
o?aaeeoeeiiiay i?iiuoeaiiinoue niaieea naeueneia oicyenoai, i?aaeaea
auaoaa aaaeiaeoae io?aneueth yeiiiieee, oae a nia?aiaiiuo oneiaeyo ana
aic?anoathuay aeiey aaeiaiai aioo?aiiaai i?iaeoeoa aoaeao i?eoiaeeoueny
ia eioi?iaoeeiiioth eiaeono?eth, io?aio ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu e naeoi?
oneoa, a ia ia o?aaeeoeeiiioth i?iiuoeaiiinoue Naaeeae I. No?oeoo?iua
eciaiaiey a yeiiiieea e no?oeoo?iay iieeoeea // I?iaeaiu oai?ee e
i?aeoeee oi?aaeaiey. - 1996. - ?1, n.14..

Yeiiiie/aneee ?ino a ie?iaii ianooaaa naycai n ia?aiauaieai oeaio?a
oyaeanoe oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe n naeueneiai oicyenoaa ia
i?iiuoeaiiinoue, a caoai ia noa?o oneoa. N ia/aeii eiaeono?eaeecaoeee
i?enoiaeeo onei?aiiue ?ino i?iiuoeaiiinoe, aneaaenoaee /aai aa aeiey a
ia?iaeiii oicyenoaa oaaee/eaaaony e niioaaonoaaiii oiaiueoaaony aeiey
naeueneiai oicyenoaa. Noa?a oneoa oaeaea ?acaeaaaony, ii n?aaieoaeueii
iaaeeaiii.

A Aa?iaiee i?eaeeceoaeueii a 1800 aiaeo 80% ?aai/aai ianaeaiey auei
caiyoi a ia?ae/iii naeoi?a, 8 - ai aoi?e/iii e 12% - a o?aoe/iii Oai
aea. - n. 14.. N yoiai a?aiaie aeiey caiyouo a naeueneii oicyenoaa
ia/aea oiaiueoaoueny, a a i?iiuoeaiiinoe ?anoe. A oa/aiee 1882-1970
aiaeia aeiey caiyouo a ia?ae/iii naeoi?a nieceeanue n 42 aei 9%, ai
aoi?e/iii - oaaee/eeanue n 36 aei 49%, aeinoeaioa iaeaunoae aaee/eiu ii
n?aaiaieth n inoaeueiuie naeoi?aie yeiiiieee, a o?aoe/iii - aic?inea n
22 aei 42% Oai aea. - n. 14..

N eiioea 60-o aiaeia a yeiiiieea ?acaeouo no?ai noaee i?ienoiaeeoue
no?oeoo?iua naeaeae, a ei?ia i?aia?aceaoea niioiioaiea iaaeaeo
naeoi?aie. Ia/aeny i?ioeann aeaeiaeono?eaeecaoeee e yeiiiie/aneiai
?inoa, iai?aaeaiiiai ia i?aeiouanoaaiiia ?acaeoea noa?u oneoa, eioi?ay
noaea i?ia?anne?iaaoue auno?aa, /ai i?iiuoeaiiinoue. A oi aea a?aiy
i?iiuoeaiiinoue ?acaeaaeanue auno?aa naeueneiai oicyenoaa. A O?A
i?ioeann aeaeiaeono?eaeecaoeee y?ei i?iyaeeny a aeeiaieea /eneaiiinoe
caiyouo a ioaeaeueiuo naeoi?ao yeiiiieee. Oae, ca 1970-1985 aiaeu aeiey
caiyouo a ia?ae/iii naeoi?a oiaiueoeeanue n 9 aei 5%, ai aoi?e/iii - n
49 aei 41, a a o?aoe/iii - oaaee/eeanue n 42 aei 53%11 Naaeeae I.
No?oeoo?iua eciaiaiey a yeiiiieea e no?oeoo?iay iieeoeea // I?iaeaiu
oai?ee e i?aeoeee oi?aaeaiey. - 1996. - ?1, n.14.. A 1994 aiaeo
/eneaiiinoue caiyouo a ia?iaeiii oicyenoaa ?ani?aaeaeyeanue oaea
neaaeothuei ia?acii: 3,5%, 39,1%, 57,4%22 Oai aea. - n. 14.. Aianoa n
oai i?ioeann aeaeiaeono?eaeecaoeee ia i?eaae e iaaeaieth iauaia
i?iiuoeaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa. Iai?ioea, ii oaaee/eaaeny aeaaiaea?y ?inoo
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe o?oaea.

*oi eanaaony ?ani?aaeaeaiey ie?iauo i?iiuoeaiiuo iiuiinoae, oi aeey
oiai, /oiau iaeaieaa iieii ioa?aeoa?eciaaoue naaiaeiyoiaa ninoiyiea
io?aneaaie no?oeoo?u ie?iaiai oicyenoaa, neaaeoao ?anniio?aoue
ioaeaeueiua a?oiiu no?ai e eo aeeaae a ie?iaia oicyenoai n oi/ee c?aiey
io?aneaaie no?oeoo?u.

*?acau/aeii aunieay aieinoue aioo?aiiaai ?uiea iaania/eaaao NOA
oieeaeueiia ianoi a ie?iaie yeiiiieea. I?iiuoeaiiinoue yoie no?aiu
iio?aaeyao ieiei iaeiie o?aoe anaai nu?uey, aeiauaaaiiai a ie?a. NOA
iaeaaeaao iaeaieaa aieei a ie?a ?uieii iaoei e iai?oaeiaaiey. Ia aai
aeieth i?eoiaeeony nauoa 40% ?aaeecoaiie a ?acaeouo no?aiao i?iaeoeoeee
iaoeiino?iaiey33 Ie?iaay yeiiiieea / Iiae ?aae. A.E.Eiiaeeia. - I.:
Ecaeaoaeueneee oeaio? Ai-eee,1995. - n.153.. ?aniieaaay naiui
?acaeoui iaoeiino?iaieai, NOA iaeiia?aiaiii noaee e?oiiaeoei eiii?oa?ii
iaoeiioaoie/aneeo ecaeaeee. NOA i?eieiatho aieaa iaeiie /aoaa?oe
ie?iaiai yenii?oa iaoei e iai?oaeiaaiey, i?iaiaey caeoiee i?aeoe/anee ii
anai aeaeai oaoieee. E ia/aeo 90-o aiaeia a NOA neiaeeeanue onoie/eaay
i?ia?anneaiay no?oeoo?a oicyenoaa, a eioi?ii i?aiaeaaeathuee oaeaeueiue
aan i?eiaaeeaaeeo i?iecaiaenoao oneoa. Eo aeiey a AAI ninoaaeyao aieaa
60%, aeiey iaoa?eaeueiiai i?iecaiaenoaa - 37% e ii?yaeea 2,5% -
i?iaeoeoeey naeueneiai oicyenoaa44 Oai aea. - n.153.. Aua aieaa
cia/eoaeueia ?ieue noa?u oneoa a caiyoinoe: caeanue ia aa aeieth
i?eoiaeeeinue a ia/aea 90-o aiaeia o?e /aoaa?oe naiiaeayoaeueiiai
ianaeaiey. Aia?eeaineea ei?ii?aoeee i?i/ii oaea?aeeaatho ia?aainoai a
ie?a ii oaeei iai?aaeaieyi IOI, eae i?iecaiaenoai naiieaoia e
einie/aneeo aiia?aoia, naa?o

iiuiuo eiiiuethoa?ia e eo i?ia?aiiiai iaania/aiey, i?iecaiaenoai
iieoi?iaiaeieeia e iiaaeoeo iiuiuo eioaa?aeueiuo noai, i?iecaiaenoai
eaca?iie oaoieee, n?aaenoai nayce, aeioaoiieiaee. Ia aeieth NOA
i?eoiaeeony aieaa iieiaeiu e?oiiuo iiaiaaaaeaiee, aaia?e?oaiuo a
?acaeouo no?aiao. A ecaanoiii niunea NOA yaeythony aeaaiui eieoaaoi?ii
oaoie/aneeo iiaiaaaaeaiee aeey anaai ie?a. No?aia i?iaeieaeaao inoaaaoue
ny e?oiiaeoei i?iecaiaeeoaeai i?iaeoeoeee aunieeo oaoiieiaee, eee eae aa
i?eiyoi iacuaaoue - iaoeiaieie i?iaeoeoeee: eo aeiey a ie?iaii
i?iecaiaenoaa yoie i?iaeoeoeee ninoaaeyea a ia/aea 90-o aiaeia 36%,
ssiiiee - 39%, O?A - 9,4%, AN a ninoaaa 12 no?ai - 29%11 Ie?iaay
yeiiiieea / Iiae ?aae. A.E.Eiiaeeia. - I.: Ecaeaoaeueneee oeaio?
Ai-eee,1995. - n.154.. Aua iaeiie noa?ie, aaea aia?eeaioeu oaea?aeeaatho
i/aiue i?i/iua iiceoeee, yaeyaony ia?aaioea iaeiieaiiuo ianneaia ciaiee
e i?aaeinoaaeaiea eioi?iaoeeiiiuo oneoa. Yoio oaeoi? ea?aao i/aiue
nouanoaaiioth ?ieue, oae eae auno?ia e ea/anoaaiiia eioi?iaoeeiiiia
iaania/aiea noaei ai ana aic?anoathuae noaiaie ii?aaeaeyoue
yooaeoeaiinoue ?aaiou anaai i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai aiia?aoa.

A no?aiao Caiaaeiie Aa?iiu ia?aoiae e iiaui oneiaeyi aini?iecaiaenoaa
nii?iaiaeaeaeny e?ecenii o?aaeeoeeiiiuo io?aneae. I?ioaeoeeiienoneee
oa?aeoa? Aa?iiaeneiai Niiauanoaa, ia?aaeaeay iiiaea io?anee
i?iiuoeaiiinoe (/a?iay iaoaeeo?aey, oeiey, oaenoeeueiay i?iiuoeaiiinoue)
io eiieo?aioeee ecaia, niaeaenoaiaae noa?aieth no?oeoo?u oicyenoaa. Ana
yoi i?iyaeeinue a oaeoaeaiee no?oeoo?iuo e?ecenia ioia/aiiuo io?aneae.
Aeiey Caiaaeiie Aa?iiu a i?iiuoeaiiii i?iecaiaenoaa no?ai IYN?
nie?aoeeanue n 49% a 1970 aiaeo aei 32,2% a 1990 aiaeo22 Oai aea. - n.
166. . No?oeoo?iue e?ecen ia?aaeeee noaeino?iaiea, /a?iay iaoaeeo?aey,
oaenoeeueiay e oaieueiay i?iiuoeaiiinoue. Oaeea io?anee, auaoea
noeioeyoi?aie ?inoa, eae aaoiiiaeeano?iaiea, oeiey, yeaeo?ioaoieea,
noieeioeenue n nie?auaieai aioo?aiiaai ni?ina, eciaiaieyie a
iaaeaeoia?iaeiii ?acaeaeaiee o?oaea. E iaeaieaa aeeiaie/iui io?aneyi
ioiinyony yeaeo?iiiay i?iiuoeaiiinoue, a eioi?ie i?aeiouanoaaiiia
?acaeoea iieo/eei i?iecaiaenoai iai?oaei

aaiey i?iiuoeaiiiai e niaoeeaeueiiai iacia/aiey, i?aaeaea anaai YAI. A
i?ioaaeoaa aeanyoeeaoea i?iecioei iaeioi?ia ionoaaaiea Caiaaeiie Aa?iiu
io iniiaiuo eiieo?aioia a i?ia?anneaiinoe io?aneaaie no?oeoo?u. Ia
ecaeaeey, iieuecothueany aunieei ni?inii, i?eoiaeeony 25% i?iaeoeoeee
ia?aaaouaathuae i?iiuoeaiiinoe AN, i?eia?ii 30% a NOA e ii/oe 40% a
ssiiiee11 Ie?iaay yeiiiieea / Iiae ?aae. A.E.Eiiaeeia. - I.:
Ecaeaoaeueneee oeaio? Ai-eee,1995. - n.168.. No?aiiaua niiinoaaeaiey
i no?oeoo?a ia?aaaouaathuae i?iiuoeaiiinoe iieacuaatho, /oi
iaoeiino?iaiea e oyaeaeay i?iiuoeaiiinoue iieo/eee ?acaeoea a aaaeoueo
no?aiao ?aaeiia. Oaeaea cia/eoaeai oaeaeueiue aan oeiee. Iiiaea
caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneea no?aiu yaeythony e?oiiuie i?iecaiaeeoaeyie
iio?aaeoaeueneie i?iaeoeoeee. Ai?iiaeiauaathuay i?iiuoeaiiinoue caieiaao
ne?iiiia ianoi a Caiaaeiie Aa?iia - iaiaa 1% niaieoiiiai AAI (A?aoeey -
4%, Eniaiey - 1,3%)22 Oai aea. - n.168.. Aeiauaaaony ieiei 30 aeaeia
iieaciuo eneiiaaiuo, ii oieueei 3-4 ec ieo a eiee/anoaao, cia/eoaeueiuo
a ianooaaao ie?a (oeeie, aieneou, iioao, ieeaeue). Aieaa caiaoiu
?acee/ey a no?oeoo?iuo iieacaoaeyo ii aeiea naeueneiai oicyenoaa a
oi?ie?iaaiee AAI - io 1,5 aei 8%33 Oai aea. - n.168.. Auniei?acaeoua
no?aiu aeinoeaee i?aeoe/anee i?aaeaea ii yoiio iieacaoaeth (2-3% AAI).
Ia aeieth Caiaaeiie Aa?iiu i?eoiaeeony ieiei iaeiie iyoie ie?iaiai
i?iecaiaenoaa naeueneioicyenoaaiiie i?iaeoeoeee. Aaaeoueie
i?iecaiaeeoaeyie a yoie iaeanoe yaeythony O?aioeey, O?A, Eoaeey,
Aaeeeia?eoaiey. Na?ueaciua eciaiaiey i?iecioee a oiieeaii-yia?aeoe/aneii
aaeaina no?ai Caiaaeiie Aa?iiu. I?iecioei ioiineoaeueiia nie?auaiea
iio?aaeaiey yia?aee, a iio?aaeaiea iaooe oiaiueoeeinue aaniethoii.
Naeaeae a no?oeoo?a yia?aiaaeaina naycaiu n iaaeaieai aeiee iaooe,
cia/eoaeueiui ?inoii oaeaeueiiai aana aoiiiie yia?aee, aic?anoaieai ?iee
i?e?iaeiiai aaca. A oeaeii, naeaeae a yeiiiieea caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneeo
no?ai eaeoo a iaeiii iai?aaeaiee - nie?auaiea a AAI oaeaeueiiai aana
io?aneae iaoa?eaeueiiai i?iecaiaenoaa e oaaee/aiea aeiee oneoa. Eiaiii
yoio naeoi? a ianoiyuaa a?aiy ai iiiaii ii?aaeaeyao ?ino iaoeeiiaeueiiai
i?iecaiaenoaa e aeeiaieeo eiaanoeoeee. Ia iaai i?eoiaeeony iaeia o?aoue
yeiiiie/anee aeoeaiiai ianaeaiey. Yoi oaaee/eaaao cia/aiea
caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneeo no?ai eae oeiainiaiai oeaio?a, oeaio?a ieacaiey
ae?oaiai ?iaea oneoa. Ii ianiio?y ia iaeeiaeiaua oaiaeaioeee, io?aneaaay
no?oeoo?a caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneeo no?ai aei neo ii? eiaao aeiaieueii
nouanoaaiiua ?acee/ey, /oi iauyniyaony onoie/eainoueth iiiiiieenoe/aneeo
no?oeoo? iaoeeiiaeueiuo yeiiiiee.

Ioiineoaeueii ne?iiiia ianoi a ie?iaii i?iecaiaenoaa caieiatho
?acaeaathueany no?aiu. Cia/eiinoue no?ai o?aoueaai ie?a a ieaiaoa?iie
yeiiiie/aneie nenoaia ii?aaeaeyaony eo aiaaoaeoeie i?e?iaeiuie e
ethaeneeie ?ano?naie. A na?aaeeia 80-o aiaeia a ieo auei nin?aaeioi/aii
2/3 niaieoiiuo i?iiuoeaiiuo caiania 8 aeaeia ieia?aeueiiai nu?uey, nauoa
1/3 oaeeo iieaciuo eneiiaaiuo, eae aeaeaciay ?oaea, iieeaaeai, o?ai,
ii?yaeea 1/4 i?iiuoeaiiuo caiania aieueo?aia, ia?aaioea, naeioea, o?iia,
oeeiea. Cia/eoaeueia aeiey ?acaeaathueony no?ai a ie?iauo caianao
ae?aaioeaiiuo iaoaeeia e eaiiae. ?aiueoa o/anoea ?acaeaathueony no?ai a
iaaeaeoia?iaeiii yeiiiie/aneii iaiaia, a nouiinoe, iie?aeinue ia
iaeeueiia, ioiineoaeueii iaaei?iaia i?e?iaeiia nu?uea e aeaoaaoth
?aai/oth neeo. Iaa yoe oaeoi?a, oioy e ia aac o?oaeiinoae, aeeeoaeueiia
a?aiy iicaieyee iiaeaea?aeeaaoue aieaa eee iaiaa i?eaieaiua ianooaau
yenii?oa. Ii anayce ni nieaeaieai iaoa?eaei- e yia?aiaieinoe ?inoa
?acaeouo ?uii/iuo yeiiiiee ?ieue i?e?iaeiiai nu?uey a iaaeaeoia?iaeiie
oi?aiaea eiaao /aoei au?aaeaiioth oaiaeaioeeth e iaaeaieth. Iiyoiio
ionoaaaiea a inaiaiee iiauo oaoiieiaee n eo aiciiaeiinoyie
aeeaa?neoeeaoeee e niaa?oainoaiaaiey i?iecaiaenoaa, iiaeeoeeaoeey
oiaa?iie no?oeoo?u iaaeaeoia?iaeiie oi?aiaee, niioonoaothuay
eniieueciaaieth oaeeo oaoiieiaee, caiaoii ineaaeee o?aaeeoeeiiiua
iiceoeee yoeo no?ai e iinoaaeee aieueoeinoai ec ieo ia?aae oaeoi?ii
ioiineoaeueiiai auoaniaiey n ie?iaiai ?uiea, oiaiueoaiey eo aeiee a
niaieoiiii yenii?oa ie?a. Nieaeaiea oaiiia ?inoa i?aaeaea anaaicao?iioei
i?iiuoeaiiinoue. A 1980-1989 aiaeao a n?aaiaiea n 1965-1980 aiaeaie
n?aaeiaaiaeiaua oaiiu ?inoa i?iiuoeaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa iiieceeenue ai
anao ?aaeiiao ?acaeaathuaainy ie?a, e?iia THaeiie Acee. N?aaeiaaiaeiaua
oaiiu ?inoa naeueneioicyenoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa a iineaaeiaa
aeanyoeeaoea a n?aaiaiea n 1965-1989 aiaeaie iaiai?io, ianeieueei
iiauneeenue. Ii eae au ia ioeaieaaeenue aiciiaeiua iineaaenoaey yoeo
i?ioeannia yenia?oaie, eo iauea eoiae, oeene?oaiua iaaeaeoia?iaeiie
noaoenoeeie, iainii?eii naeaeaoaeuenoaotho i oii, /oi a ?acaeouo no?aiao
i?ienoiaeeo oaaee/aiea i?iiuoeaiiiai eiiiiiaioa a io?aneaaie no?oeoo?a
(oaaeeoea 1).

Oaaeeoea 1.

No?oeoo?a i?iiuoeaiiiai yenii?oa ?acaeaathueony no?ai (%).

1970 a.1980 a.1991 a.I?iaeoeoeey oeie/aneie i?iiuoeaiiinoe

Iaoeiu e iai?oaeiaaiea

I?i/ea oiaa?u

a oii /enea:

oaenoeeueiua ecaeaeey

/a?iua iaoaeeu

Oeaaoiua iaoaeeu*

Eoiai8,0 (5,6)

12,2 (2,1)

54,6 (10,8)



40,2 (25,0)

4,6 (4,2)

25,2 (31,5)

100,08,3 (7,4)

24,3 (6,0)

58,2 (17,0)



30,2 (33,1)

4,1 (6,8)

9,2 (23,3)

100,07,8 (12,9)

34,9 (13,9)

54,4 (29,9)



25,4 (49,2)

3,8 (17,7)

2,9 (22,4)

100,0

A ia/aea 80-o aiaeia a Eeoaeneie Ia?iaeiie ?anioaeeea auea ?ac?aaioaia
iiaay no?oeoo?ii-yeiiiie/aneay iieeoeea, eioi?ay iaia/aea iaania/aiea
naaeaine?iaaiiiai ?acaeoey i?iiuoeaiiinoe e naeueneiai oicyenoaa. A
?acoeueoaoa yoiai i?ioeanna niaia i?ei?eoaoia i?eaaea e eciaiaieth
niioiioaiey naeueneiai oicyenoaa, oyaeaeie e eaaeie i?iiuoeaiiinoe.
Iauai aaeiaie i?iiuoeaiiie i?iaeoeoeee a 80-a aiaeu aic?anoae a n?aaeiai
ia 12%, a iauai aaeiaie naeueneioicyenoaaiiie i?iaeoeoeee - ia 8,5%11
Ie?iaay yeiiiieea / Iiae ?aae. A.E.Eiiaeeia. - I.: Ecaeaoaeueneee
oeaio? Ai-eee,1995. - n.234.. A i?iiuoeaiiii i?iecaiaenoaa aic?inea
?ieue eaaeie i?iiuoeaiiinoe: aeiey oyaeaeie i?iiuoeaiiinoe a i?e?inoa
aaeiaie i?iaeoeoeee i?iiuoeaiiinoe a 1981-1991 aiaeao ninoaaeyea 43-45%
a oi a?aiy, eae aeiey eaaeie i?iiuoeaiiinoe 55-57%22 Oai aea. - n. 234..
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy aeey yeiiiieee EI? oa?aeoa?ii o?iie/aneia ionoaaaiea
yia?aaoeee e o?ainii?oa. Aeaaiua io?anee ia?aaaouaathuaai eiiieaena
eeoaeneie oyaeaeie i?iiuoeaiiinoe - iaoeiino?iaiea e iaoaeeiia?aaioea,
iaeiaei a oeaeii anni?oeiaio iaoeiino?ieoaeueiie i?iaeoeoeee EI? ana aua
inoaaony ia?aie/ai ii n?aaiaieth n

i?iiuoeaiii ?acaeouie no?aiaie, e ia aeinoeaaao ie?iaiai o?iaiy. Ia
aoi?ii ianoa ii iauaio i?iecaiaenoaa iaoiaeeony oaenoeeueiay
i?iiuoeaiiinoue. A 1992 aiaeo auione oeaiae ninoaaee 19,3 ie?ae11
Ie?iaay yeiiiieea / Iiae ?aae. A.E.Eiiaeeia. - I.: Ecaeaoaeueneee
oeaio? Ai-eee,1995. - n.236.. Iaeiie ec naiuo aeeiaie/iuo io?aneae
eeoaeneie eiaeono?ee yaeyaony yeaeo?iiiay i?iiuoeaiiinoue. E 1990 aiaeo
auione yeaeo?iiiuo ecaeaeee au?in a 6,5 ?aca i?ioea 1982 aiaea, aeiey
yeaeo?iieee ninoaaeea 5%, /oi ia iaiiiai ieaea aiaeiae/iiai iieacaoaey
aeey ssiiiee22 Oai aea. - n.236.. Aunieeie oaiiaie ?acaeaaaony
oeie/aneay i?iiuoeaiiinoue, n?aaeiaaiaeiaie oaii i?e?inoa eioi?ie
ninoaaeyao 14,5%33 Oai aea. - n.236.. A aa?a?iii naeoi?a a ianoiyuaa
a?aiy i?aiaeaaeatho oaiaeaioeee ia eioaineoeeaoeeth i?iecaiaenoaa.
Noi?ie?iaaeanue ia?a?aaaouaathuay i?iiuoeaiiinoue. Ana yoi iicaieeei EI?
aeiaeoueny aunieeo eiee/anoaaiiuo iieacaoaeae e aueoe a /enei aa?a?ii
?acaeouo no?ai.

Iniiaiie io?aneueth yeiiiieee aieueoeinoaa no?ai O?iie/aneie Ao?eee
yaeyaony naeueneia oicyenoai, i?ecaaiiia iaania/eoue i?iaeoeoaie ieoaiey
ianaeaiea e neoaeeoue nu?ueaaie aacie ?acaeoey ia?aaaouaathuae
i?iiuoeaiiinoe. A iai caiyoa i?aiaeaaeathuay /anoue naiiaeayoaeueiiai
ianaeaiey ?aaeiia, nicaeaaony iniiaiay /anoue niaieoiiiai
iaoeeiiaeueiiai aeioiaea. Ai iiiaeo ainoaea?noaao O?iie/aneie Ao?eee
naeueneia oicyenoai caieiaao aaaeouaa ianoi a yenii?oa, iaania/eaay
iinooieaiea cia/eoaeueiie /anoe aaethoiuo aeioiaeia. A iineaaeiaa
aeanyoeeaoea n oaiiaie ?inoa i?iiuoeaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa iaaethaeaeanue
o?aaiaeiay ea?oeia, iicaieythuay aiai?eoue i oaeoe/aneie
aeaeiaeono?eaeecaoeee ?aaeiia. Anee a 1965-1980 aiaeao iie (a n?aaeiai
ca aiae) ninoaaeee 7,5%, oi ca 80-a aiaeu oieueei 0,7%, iaaeaiea oaiiia
?inoa eiaei ianoi a 80-a aiaeu eae a aeiauaathuae, oae e ia?aaaouaathueo
io?aneyo44 Oai aea. - n.247.. A neeo ?yaea i?e/ei iniaay ?ieue a
iaania/aiee nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey ?aaeiia i?eiaaeeaaeeo
ai?iiaeiauaathuae i?iiuoeaiiinoe, ii e yoi i?iecaiaenoai aaeaaiaeii
nie?auaaony ia 2%. Oa?aeoa?iay iniaaiiinoue ?acaeoey no?ai O?iie/aneie
Ao?eee - neaaia ?acaeoea ia?aaaouaathuae i?iiuoeaiiinoe. Eeoue a i/aiue
iaaieueoie a?oiia no?ai (Caiaey, Ceiaaaaa, Neiaaae) aa aeiey a AAI
aeinoeaaao eee i?aauoaao 20%.

A ie?a iao ae?oaie i?iiuoeaiii ?acaeoie no?aiu eae ssiiiey, a eioi?ie
oae iiiai n?aaenoa eiaanoe?oaony a iaiiaeaiea e ?anoe?aiea
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo iiuiinoae e a iaiiaeaiea iniiaiiai eaieoaea. I?e/ai
anaaaea n o/aoii aoaeoueo oaoiieiaee e eiieo?aioia. Iaeaieaa
?aniino?aiaiiie iiceoeeae iauyniaiey yiiineiai yeiiiie/aneiai nea/ea
noaei aeeyiea iao/ii-oaoie/aneie ?aaiethoeee - oe?ieia aiaae?aiea
yeaeo?iiii-au/eneeoaeueiie oaoieee, eioi?iaoecaoeey nenoai oi?aaeaiey,
aaoiiaoecaoeey oaoiieiae/aneeo i?ioeannia e i?iaeoe?iaaiea. Naaiaeiy e
yoiio ia?a/ith iiaeii aeiaaaeoue eniieueciaaiea aeinoeaeaiee
aeioaoiieiaee e iioiyeaeo?iieee, i?eiaiaiea aeaeaioaoiieiaee e
naa?oi?i/iuo neioaoe/aneeo caiaieoaeae (ea?aieee), ?iaioecaoeeth
eiiaaea?iuo eeiee e ae?. Ana yoi iiaeoaa?aeaeaao auaiae ia ia?iiiii
i?ia?anna a iaeanoe iao/ii-oaoie/aneeo enneaaeiaaiee e
iiuoii-eiino?oeoi?neeo ?ac?aaioie ia yoaia ia/aaoaeny ai anai ie?a
oaoiieiae/aneie ?aaiethoeee. ssiiineay yeiiiieea i?aaenoaao ia?aae iaie
eae oii?yaei/aiiay iiiaio?iaiaaay nenoaia eioaa?aoeee. Aeaaea
n?aaeiaaiaeiaua oaiiu i?e?inoa i?iiuoeaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa ?acaeouo
no?ai a ssiiiee ai?acaei auoa e noaaeeueiaa, /ai a ae?oaeo no?aiao
(oaaeeoea 2).

A iauai, iiuo ?acaeouo no?ai iaaeyaeii iieacyaaao, eaeea iaen/a?iaaiua
aiciiaeiinoe i?aaeinoaaeyao ?uii/iay yeiiiieea e no?oeoo?a io?aneae ia
i?inoi aeey auoiaea ec e?ecena, a aeey no?aieoaeueiiai yeiiiie/aneiai
?inoa, ea?aeeiaeueiiai oeo/oaiey aeeciaiiiai iieiaeaiey ianaeaiey, e i
iiaea?iecaoeee i?iiuoeaiiinoe, e i nicaeaiee iiauo io?aneae. ?acaeoea
iiauo io?aneae o?aaoao iiaeaea?aeee ni noi?iiu ainoaea?noaa
i?iiuoeaiiinoe. Ioe?uoinoue iaoeeiiaeueiie yeiiiieee, i?aaeiieaaathuae
aini?eyoea ia?aaeiauo oaoiieiaee e noaiaea?oia ea/anoaa, aa?ioth
i?eaioaoeeth ia ie?iauo ?uieao e eioaa?aoeeth a nenoaia
iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai ?acaeaeaiey o?oaea yaeyaony aaoiaeoae i?aaeiinueeie
auno?iai i?ia?anna. Iiyoiio ainnoaiiaeaiea e oe?aieaiea
eiieo?aioiiniiniaiinoe a iaeanoe iiauo oaoiieiaee aeieaeiu auoue
iauyaeaiu oeaio?aeueiie caaea/ae oaaea?aeueiiai i?aaeoaeuenoaa ethaie
no?aiu.

Oaaeeoea 211 *a?eiaaoe I. I?iiuoeaiiay iieeoeea ?acaeouo no?ai //
Ie?iaay yeiiiieea e iaaeaeoia?iaeiua ioiioaiey. - 1996. - ?2, n. 68. .

Aeeiaieea i?iiuoeaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa ?acaeouo no?ai

(% ?inoa eee iaaeaiey ii n?aaiaieth n i?aaeuaeouei aiaeii)

N?aaeiaaiaeiaua oaiiu
i?e?inoaNo?aia1971-1980aa.1981-1991aa.1992a.1993a.1994a.1995a.NOA

ssiiiey

Aa?iaiey

O?aioeey

Eoaeey

Aaeeeia?e-oaiey

Eaiaaea

AN

IYN?3,2

4,1

1,9

3,0

3,5



1,1

3,6

2,5

3,12,4

4,1

2,0

1,2

1,4



1,7

1,1

1,7

2,63,3

-6,1

-0,9

-1,2

-0,5



-0,9

0,9

-1,2

0,24,1

-4,5

-5,7

-2,8

-2,8



1,9

4,9

-3,6

-0,35,3

0,8

3,8

3,9

6,7



5,0

6,4

5,2

4,32,6

3,0

1,4

4,6

5,4



2,2

3,3

3,3

2,9



2.3. Iao/ii-oaoie/aneee i?ia?ann eae iniiaiie oaeoi?

?aciauaiey io?aneae ie?iaiai oicyenoaa



Naaiaeiy a ?acaeouo a eiaeono?eaeueiii e oaiieiae/aneii ioiioaiee
no?aiao ia ia?aaeiee ieai i?e ioeaiee ?acoeueoaoia yeiiiie/aneie
aeayoaeueiinoe aunooiatho ia ianooaau auioneaaiie i?iaeoeoeee, a aa
ea/anoai e no?oeoo?a, eciaiue/eainoue ii ioiiuaieth e iinoiyiii
iaiythuaiony ni?ino. Iineaaeiaa aea a ?aoathuae noaiaie ii?aaeaeyaony
o?iaiai iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai ?acaeoey e eiieo?aioiiniiniaiinoueth
i?iecaiaenoaa. O?iaaiue iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai ?acaeoey ai iiiai caaeneo io
cao?ao ia iao/iua enneaaeiaaiey e iiuoii-eino?oeoi?neea ?ac?aaioee,
ianuuaiiinoe yeiiiieee o/aiuie, ecia?aoaoaeyie, eiaeaia?aie, aeoeaenoaie
iiaiaaaaeai/aneiai i?ioeanna, io aeiee aunieioaoiieiae/iiai naeoi?a a
io?aneaaie no?oeoo?a i?iiuoeaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa.

Ii iineaaeiei iioaeeeiaaiiui ia caiaaea aeaiiui, NOA ?anoiaeotho ia
IEIE? aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa aieueoa, /ai ssiiiey, Aa?iaiey, O?aioeey,
Aaeeeia?eoaiey e Eoaeey, aianoa acyoua. I?aeoe/anee ia NOA i?eoiaeeony
ieiei 50% cao?ao ia IEIE? anaai eaieoaeenoe/aneiai ie?a11 Eoae?ia A.
Iao/ii-oaoie/aneee i?ia?ann: caiaoee i ie?iaii iiuoa // Iauanoai e
yeiiiieea. - 1993. - ?7-8, n. 21.. Iaeiaei aeiey yoeo cao?ao a AAI a NOA
ianeieueei ieaea, /ai a ssiiiee e Aa?iaiee.

Oai ia iaiaa NOA e Caiaaeiay Aa?iia oa?ytho naie ioiineoaeueiua iiceoeee
a iaeanoe i?iecaiaenoaa aunieioaoiieiae/iie i?iaeoeoeee. Aeiey NOA ia
ie?iaii ?uiea yoie i?iaeoeoeee a 1980 aiaeo ninoaaeyea 40%, a 1988 aiaeo
- 37, aeiey no?ai AN niioaaonoaaiii 35 e 31%, a aeiey ssiiiee ca yoi
a?aiy nouanoaaiii au?inea: n 18 aei 27%22 Oai aea. - n. 22.. ssiiiey e
nae/an eiaao naiia aieueoia a ie?a iieiaeeoaeueiia naeueaei a oi?aiaea
aunieioaoiieiae/iuie ecaeaeeyie.

Ana a?aiy ?anoouay eiieo?aioeey ni noi?iiu oi?aiauo niia?ieeia ia
ie?iaii ?uiea canoaaeyao no?aiu ia?ai?eaioe?iaaoue naie ?ano?nu n
i?iecaiaenoaa o?aaeeoeeiiiuo i?iaeoeoia ia auione naiuo neiaeiuo,
aunieioaoiieiae/iuo ecaeaeee, ia?aoiaeeoue io o?oaeiaieiai e iaoeiaieiio
i?ioeeth oicyenoaiaaiey. Aeiey aunieioaoiieiae/iiai naeoi?a a
i?iaeoeoeee ia?aaaouaathuae i?iiuoeaiiinoe NOA aic?inea n 20% a 1980
aiaeo aei 29% a 1988 aiaeo, a Caiaaeiie Aa?iia niioaaonoaaiii n 16 aei
21%33 Oai aea. - n. 22. . Ii naiue na?ueaciue naeaea a yoii ioiioaiee
niaa?oeea ssiiiey: ae oaeaeinue aeinoe/ aia?eeaineie aeiee
aunieioaoiieiae/iiai naeoi?a a 1984 aiaeo, a a 1987 aiaeo i?aacieoe NOA.

Aunieioaoiieiae/iua io?anee aace?othony ia iiaaeoeo aeinoeaeaieyo iaoee
e oaoieee e ioee/athony aunieie iaoeiaieinoueth, iie o?aaotho aunieie
eaieoaei- e ca?ieaoiaieinoe (oaaeeoea 3).

Ana neacaiiia ?aceoaeueii ioee/aaony io neooaoeee n iao/ii-oaoie/aneei
i?ia?annii a ?innee. Aeiey cao?ao ia IEIE? a ?inneeneii AAI ninoaaeyao
ii?yaeea 1,5%44 Oai aea. - n. 22..

Oaaeeoea 311 Eoae?ia A. Iao/ii-oaoie/aneee i?ia?ann: caiaoee i ie?iaii
iiuoa // Iauanoai e yeiiiieea. - 1993. - ?7-8, n. 22..

Eaieoaeiaeiaeaiey e ca?aaioiay ieaoa

ii io?aneyi ia?aaaouaathuae i?iiuoeaiiinoe NOA a 1988 aiaeo

( a aeieea?ao)

Io?aneeEaieoaeiaeiaeaiey ia iaeiiai i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai ?aai/aaiN?aaeiyy
/aniaay ca?aaioiay

ieaoaAunieioaoiieiae/iua

Aeaeaaoaee einie/aneeo aiia?aoia

Naiieaoino?iaiea

Oeie/aneea i?iaeoeou

Eiiiuethoa?u

16642

7296

22650

20581

17,25

16,01

13,20

10,75I?i/ea

Iaaaeueiay

Iaoaiay

Oaaeiay

1318

642

720

7,33

6,11

6,35

?acaeoea iao/ii-oaoie/aneie ?aaiethoeee eiaao i/aaiaue oa?aeoa?, oae eae
iia a iniiaiii eiioeaio?e?oaony a ia?aaeiauo a yeiiiie/aneii ioiioaiee
no?aiao. I?aaeaea anaai iioiio, /oi ?anoiaeu ia IEIE? oaaee/eaatho
eaieoaeiaieinoue i?iecaiaenoaa. ?ino eaieoaeiaieinoe nicaeaao
eiaanoeoeeiiiue aa?uea? aeey i?iecaiaenoaa iiauo oiaa?ia. E eae
neaaenoaea, i?eiaiaiea iee?iyeaeo?iieee e ?iaioioaoieee a neeo eo
o?oaeinaa?aaathuaai yooaeoa iiae?uaaao eiieo?aioiiniiniaiinoue
i?iiuoeaiiiai yenii?oa ?acaeaathueony no?ai, iineieueeo ii iie?aaony ia
aeaoaaecio ianoiie ?aai/ae neeu, oae eae aieueoeinoai ?acaeaathueony
no?ai iaoiaeeony ia ?ayee/iuo noaaeeyo i?iiuoeaiiiai ia?aai?ioa.

A oeaeii a iineaaeiea aeanyoeeaoey iao/ii-oaoie/aneee i?ia?ann a
iniiaiii i?iyaeyaony a oae iacuaaaiuo ooieoeeiiaeueiuo naeaeaao aioo?e
neiaeeaoaeny io?aneaaie e i?iecaiaenoaaiiie no?oeoo?u (eneeth/aiea -
i?iecaiaenoai ia?niiaeueiuo eiiiuethoa?ia). Ia ?uieao i?aiaeaaeatho ia
iiaua i?iaeoeou, a oeo/oaiiua, ia iiaua oaoiieiaee, a
?aoeeiiaeece?iaaiiua nouanoaothuea ecaeaeey ia aaca iiaoanoa.
I?iaaaeaiiua enneaaeiaaiey iieacuaatho, /oi 8% i?iaeoeoeee, iiyaeaoaeny
a eiioea 70-oaiaeia ia ie?iauo ?uieao, yaeyaony i?eioeeieaeueii iiaie ii
naiei naienoaai e 12% - iiaie ii oaoiieiaee aa ecaioiaeaiey11 Ie?iaay
yeiiiieea / Iiae ?aae. A.E.Eiiaeeia. - I.: Ecaeaoaeueneee oeaio?
Ai-eee,1995. - n.124.. Inoaeueiay iniiaiay /anoue i?eoiaeeony ia
oeo/oathuea eee inaaaeiiiaaoeee, /oi neacuaaaony ia eciaiaiee io?aneaaie
no?oeoo?u.



Caeeth/aiea



Iiaeaiaey eoia neacaiiiio, iiaeii ii?aaeaeaiii naeaeaoue auaiae i oii,
/oi a ie?iaie yeiiiieea iaaethaeaaony oaiaeaioeey nieaeaiey oaeaeueiiai
aana nu?ueaauo io?aneae e naeueneiai oicyenoaa, oaoie/aneay
iiaea?iecaoeey i?iiuoeaiiinoe e auno?ue ?ino io?aneae noa?u oneoa. Yoi
iiaeoaa?aeaeaaony oai, /oi oiaiueoaiea /eneaiiinoe caiyouo i?ienoiaeeo a
iniiaiii ca n/ao o?aaeeoeeiiiuo io?aneae n aunieie o?oaeiaieinoueth
i?iecaiaenoaa (ieuaaie, oaenoeeueiie, oaaeiie, eiaeaaaiiie), a oaeaea ca
n/ao eaieoaeiaieeo io?aneae (a /anoiinoe, iaoaeeo?aee), a oaaee/aiea
/eneaiiinoe caiyouo - a yeaeo?ioaoie/aneie i?iiuoeaiiinoe e
i?eai?ino?iaiee.

Ana oaeaea yeiiiie/aneee ?ino a ie?iaii ianooaaa naycai n ia?aiauaieai
oeaio?a oyaeanoe oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe n naeueneiai oicyenoaa ia
i?iiuoeaiiinoue, a caoai ia noa?o oneoa. I?ienoiaeeo onei?aiiue ?ino
i?iiuoeaiiinoe, a neaaenoaee /aai aa aeiey a ia?iaeiii oicyenoaa
oaaee/eaaaony e niioaaonoaaiii oiaiueoaaony aeiey naeueneiai oicyenoaa.
Noa?a oneoa oaeaea ?acaeaaaony, ii n?aaieoaeueii iaaeeaiii. Ii ana aea,
iiaeiaii oiio eae 100 eao iacaae o?aaeeoeeiiiay i?iiuoeaiiinoue niaieea
naeueneia oicyenoai, i?aaeaea auaoaa aaaeiaeoae io?aneueth yeiiiieee,
oae a nia?aiaiiuo oneiaeyo ana aic?anoathuay aeiey aaeiaiai aioo?aiiaai
i?iaeoeoa i?eoiaeeony ia eioi?iaoeeiiioth eiaeono?eth, io?aio
ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu e naeoi? oneoa, a ia ia o?aaeeoeeiiioth
i?iiuoeaiiinoue.

*oi eanaaony ?ani?aaeaeaiey ie?iauo i?iiuoeaiiuo iiuiinoae, oi
ii-i?aaeiaio ?acaeoua no?aiu niaoeeaeece?othony ia oaoie/anee neiaeiuo e
iaoeiaieeo i?iecaiaenoaao i?e iii?a ia ea/anoai i?iaeoeoeee e aunieoth
eaaeeoeeaoeeth ?aaioieeia. I?aeiouanoaa aea a i?iecaiaenoaa iaeaieaa
i?inouo o?oaeiaieeo ecaeaeee, naeueneiai oicyenoaa e iinoaaea nu?uey
oaeaaony nio?aieoue no?aiai n aieaa ieceei o?iaiai iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai
i?ia?anna e aeaoaaie ?aai/ae neeie ?acaeaathueiny e yeiiiie/anee
ionoaeui no?aiai. Oioy neaaeoao o/eouaaoue, /oi ?acaeaathueany no?aiu
ana a aieueoae ia?a ia/eiatho niaoeeaeece?iaaoueny ia
aunieioaoiieiae/iie i?iaeoeoeee. Iiyoiio a ianoiyuee iiiaio
iaaethaeaaony yaii au?aaeaiiay oaiaeaioeey aeoeaiiai ia?aiauaiey
o?oaeiaieeo i?iecaiaenoa ec aieaa ?acaeouo a iaiaa ?acaeoua
ainoaea?noaa, e iaiai?io, oaoiiaieeo i?iecaiaenoa - ec iaiaa ?acaeouo a
aieaa ?acaeoua.



Eeoa?aoo?a



1. Iaeeiiiaee E.?., A?th N.E. Yeiiiieen: I?eioeeiu, i?iaeaiu e iieeoeea.
A 2 o.: Ia?. n aiae. 11-ai ecae. O.I. - I.: ?anioaeeea, 1992. - 399 n.:
oaae., a?ao.

2. Nia?aiaiiay yeiiiieea: Iauaaeinooiiue o/aaiue eo?n. - ?inoia-ia-Ae.:
ecae-ai Oaieen, 1996. - 608 n.

3. Yeiiiieea: O/aaiee / Iiae ?aae. aeioe. A.N. Aoeaoiaa. - I.:
Ecaeaoaeuenoai AAE, 1996. - 632 n.

4. Aaeii TH. *a?iay iaoaeeo?aey ia ?oaaaea noieaoee // Ie?iaay yeiiiieea
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