«  »

Все об INTERNET

,



.



.



INTERNET.

: .

: .

: 513.

: .

: .

: 14 1997 .

1997.

:

:

:

.

Internet - , .
Internet 15 150
. 7-10%. Internet
, ,
, .


,
.
,
, .

Internet, -
, ,
.

, ,
, ,
Internet.
.

(
)
,
, .
Internet
,
.

, Internet ,
.
,
. ,
Internet

.

- Internet.
20
.
. , ,
,
,
.

Internet ,

. 1-2
.
, ,
, .

, -
, ..
"" (, 80-90%
).

Internet?

Internet.

1961 Defence Advanced Research Agency (DARPA)

. , ARPANET,

.
ARPANET.
- TCP/IP. TCP/IP -
, ,
.

ARPANET ,
,
. 1975 ARPANET
.
Defence Communication Agency (DCA), Defence
Information Systems Agency (DISA). ARPANET
; TCP/IP
.

1983 TCP/IP,
Military Standards (MIL STD), .. , ,
, .
DARPA
Berkley Software Design - TCP/IP
Berkley (BSD) UNIX. UNIX TCP/IP.

TCP/IP ,
, Internet
. 1983 ARPANET MILNET,
Defence Data Network (DDN) .
Internet : MILNET
ARPANET. 1991 ARPANET ,
Internet , ,
. 1
, Internet 4 1969
3,2 1994. Internet
, (Unix, VMS),
TCP\IP
- .

. , Internet.

Internet?

, .
: Internet , ,
IP,
.
, ,
.


Internet , IP.
Internet,
(, BITNET, DECnets .)
Internet. , ,
,

. Internet?
, .

Internet

. ,
Internet, .
Internet Unix VMS.
NetBlazer Cisco,
Unix.

Internet ,
,
. Internet
,
, , ..

Internet?

Internet :
,
. Internet
, , .
, Internet,
. Internet
.

Internet Internet,
ISOC (Internet Society). ISOC
,
Internet. ,
Internet.

IAB (Internet Architecture Board
Internet) ,
. IAB
, (,
). Internet
.

. IAB ,
, .
- , IAB
, .
, IAB ( ),
. , Internet
32- ;
. , IAB. ,
,
.

Internet ,
. Internet
IETF (Internet Engineering Task
Force). IETF ;
Internet.
, IETF
. ( ,
,
.) IETF
; , .
,
,
.
.
, ,
, IAB
.

?

:
. , Internet.
; Internet, Inc. , ,
Internet .
. NSFNET,
NASA Science Internet .. ,
.
, ,
, Internet .

, Internet , .
- .
,
. , ,
Internet :
Internet
56 ( , ).
Internet,
, ,
.

Internet.

, Internet - -
TCP/IP. , TCP/IP ,
Internet.
, , .
TCP/IP - , internet.
, internet, "internet".
,
internet, Internet.

TCP/IP
( ). Transmission Control Protocol
(TCP) Internet Protocol (IP). , Internet
, Internet
TCP/IP-, , ,
.

Internet 7
: , , ,
, ,
.
(.. ).


. Internet
( )
- ().


,
.
SLIP (Serial Line Interface Protocol) PPP (Point to Point
Protocol). -
.


, .
IP (Internet Protocol) ARP
(Address Resolution Protocol).


. TCP
(Transmission Control Protocol) UDP (User Datagram Protocol).

,
. Internet
TCP UDP , UUCP (Unix to Unix Copy
Protocol).


. ,
, , Unix-,
. : telnet-,
FTP-, Gopher-, NFS-, NNTP (Net News Transfer
Protocol), SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), POP2 POP3 (Post
Office Protocol) ..


.

, Internet.

.

.

, .
,
.

.
,
-
.

.

, Internet
, ,
. ,
,
; , Internet
. , ,
Internet.
. ,
.
(, ),
, .
, , , .

Internet
.
. .
,
. ,
,
;
.

(IP).


. , Internet
, . ?

Internet
( ) .
Internet, , (.
.2).

. Internet.

Ethernet
. ;
, (), ,
, .
, , .
-,
,
, .
,
, .
, ,

. Internet:
, , ,
.

Internet , ?
, , ,
,
. ,
. ,
, ,
Internet.
. (Internet Protocol, IP)
, .. , ,
, .
, ,
.

.
.

Internet - ,
256. ,
:

192.112.36.5

128.174.5.6

. Internet
,
, .
, ,
. Internet .
. 50
Kelly Road, Hamden, CT. Hamden, CT .
, ,
. Kelly Road
;
, .
,
,
. , Internet ,
,
.

(
) , IP- , ,
. 1500
.
,
. ,
:
, .

Internet ,
.
, ,
. IP- ,
,
. , ,
.

-,
1500 . , ,
, .

-, .
, .
, Internet
.

-, .
,
,
. Internet.


,
.

().


(Transmission Control Protocol, TCP),
IP. ,
- , ?
: ,
.
( , )
. .

, , .
, ,
, .
,
.
. , ,
IP .


, .
- ,
.
,
.

, , .
,
.
.
. ,
.
,
, .
, .
.

.


, .. , ,
, .
(

),
, , .

. -
;
, . ,
, ,
, .

,
.
(user datagram protocol, UDP)
. TCP
IP
UDP, IP.

UPD ,
, .
UDP ,
, .
, ,
. -
, 20-30 .
UDP- , IP-
. ,
, , UDP-
. , ?
: ,
.

?


, .

.


,
, .
- ,
, .
,
.
,
UDP.
.

: ,
-. Internet
( ,
), , ,
. 5-14 ,
Internet.

,
: ,
. , , ..,
, ,
. ,
connection refused,
Unable to connect to remote host: refused; .
, .
, ;

, .

.


, . ,
, .
Internet .
Internet
.

, . -,
,
. ,
, , -
. ,
.

, Internet ,
. (NIC)
. (,
), NIC .
, hosts ( ),
.
, .
,
.

Internet , ,
. ,
. ,
.
,
.
(Domain Name System, DNS).

.



. .
:

ux.cso.uiuc.edu

nic.ddn.mil

yoyodyne.com

,
. ( )
. ux.cso.uiuc.edu ux
IP - . (. ).

. .

cso,
, , . cso
(uiuc). uiuc
(edu). , edu
; uiuc.edu
..

,
. uiuc ncsa,
. ,
,
, , (ncsa.uius.edu).
cso ,
, . , edu
, , ,
Internet .
fred, ,
(, fred.cso.uiuc.edu fred.ora.com).

,
.
edu? , .
.

. .



1. com

2. edu (, ..)

3. gov ( )

4. mil (, ..)

5. org

6. net



Internet ,

.
, .
ca ,
:

hockey.guelph.ca

300;
170 .


Internet - IAHC (International Ad Hoc
Committee). , ,
com, net, org, :

firm ;

store ;

web ,
WWW;

arts ;

rec ;

info ;

nom , ,
, .

, IAHC , 28
. ,
,
Network Solutions.
,
Network Solutions National Science Foundation
1998 .

85
. 50 .

.
. , ,
20
500
.

.

, ,
, ,
. ,
- .
,
, .
Internet ,
.

, , ux.cso.uiuc.edu,
. ,
() DNS,
. DNS
. :

,
, . ,
, , ,
.

, -
. , DNS
,
-. .

, , .

?
, ,
( , , edu).
,
edu. ,
uiuc.

cso. , cso ux,
, .

,
hosts.
, , ,
( ).
hosts. ,
DNS,
.

Internet?

Internet . Internet
, ,
.
, .
.

, ,
. ,
; ,
, .
, , ,
. , , ,
, , .
, .

.

Internet :

Internet ,
.

Internet . -,
, ,
, .

(, , )
,


, .

Internet .
,
, . ,
- ,
. :
,
. ,
, , ,

, .

, .
, IP- (NSFNET,
NASA Science Internet ., )
( ). NREN
.
Internet
, . ,
NREN
.


.
, ,
, . ,
,
,
. ,

. NREN
, , ..
Internet.


(National Information Infrastructure, NII).

.
NREN, NREN.
( ,
,
), ,
. NII ,
, ,
. , NII
,
, .
,
, , ,
, .

.

Internet, -
,
:
.
NREN,
.
; ,
.. .
,
. ,
.

, Internet
,
. ,

. ,
, .
, , ,
-

.

Internet , Advanced
Networks and Service (ANS), Performance Systems International (PSI)
UUNET.

Internet. ,
.
.


.

.

,
? , Internet, ,
,
. ,
, , .
, , - ,
,
.

:

- .


, .

: , ,
-
, .
, ,
.
,
. , ,
, ,
,
.

, , ,
.
, .
.
, - , ,
, ,
. ,

, . ,
IP-,
. ,
, .

. ,
, ,
, ,
.
( ) .
, ,
( )
.

, ,
Bitnet (CREN), .

,
.

.
,
. -
,
.

.

, -
-, . ,
.
.
,
,
.
. ,
, ,
.

, ,
. , ,

, -
. , ,
.
, ,
, , . ,
, ,
, ,
, .
,
, , , .


. ,
Internet ,
. ,
, FTR.
,

.
, , .

Internet.

,
. .
, . ,
.
,
. ,
, ,

.
,
Internet.

, Internet
,
,
. Internet,
,
.

; Internet
.

, ,
. , ,
,
.

,
,
: ,
, .

.

,
. ,
.
,
, .
,
.
, , .

:

.

.

:
,
. ,
Internet.

.

,

,
.
. ,

. ,
,
.
,
, ,

. ,

. ,
. ,
. , ,
, , .

.
, .
.
( ).
.
.
, ,
, ..
.
,
-. .
,
. ,
.
,
, .
Internet ( ),
,
Internet .

, .

, .
, .
,
, . , ,
, .
, ,
, .
:
, ,
. , , ,
,
, .

Internet.

Internet Internet
, .
Internet ,
, ,
.
Internet:

;

;

NREN .
- Internet . ,
,
,
.
,
, , , .

. (
. ,
, :
, ,
). ,
- ,
.


. ,
.
, , -
, , 300
.
,
.
,
.


. , .
, , , .
,
, . , -
, , ,
,
.
,
.
,
(, , ).


. ,
.
,
, .
,
:

;

;

,
;


(, Internet Worm;

.


NREN,
.

Internet.


, Internet ,
. . C
Internet ,

.
.
: ,
?
: .

,
, ,
.
, , ..
.
, , ,
,
. ,
.

, ,
, Internet.
Internet
,
.
Internet -
.
,
,
.

Internet , ,
.
,
.
,
,
. Internet,
, ,
, ,
. ,
.

, .

,
.

.

Internet
, ,
. ,
.
,
. :
-, , , ;
-,
, ; -,
, .

Internet, .
,
.
, ,
800.
, :
ASCII - . Internet
, ,
.. , ,
: , ,
Internet . ,
- -
.
, , .

.
, ,
. ,
. , ,
, ,
Internet. ,

. .
,
. ,
, .
Internet, .
,
.

Internet .
, - ,
(, A, B,
B C ..).
. ,
,
, .
, ,
, ,
, .
.


.
:

- ACME
,

,

CERT(Computer Emergence Response Team,
). ERT :
, , -
.
, ,
.
CERT ,
,
. -
, CERT :

cert@cert.sei.cmu.edu


. :

.

() .

,
.

,

.

, .
. ,
.

.

, .
, , . CERT ,
80% .
, ,
, .
,
. , , ,
.
,
. , :

;

, ;

;

(, QWERTY).

,
, . ,
, , FmdIdgad (Franky,
my dear, I dont give a damn, .. , ,
).

,
root, system, maint
. .
. ,
, .

, .
: rhosts UNIX FTP. rhosts

.
.rhosts. , :

uxh.cso.uiuc.edu andrey

, ,
, -
andrey uxh.cso.uiuc.edu.

, . ,
, andrey
uxh.cso.uiuc.edu, .

FTP
. FTP
. , ,
,
. , ,
. (,
FTP
.)

.

,
. , , ,
, , . ,
,
. .
,
, , .
?
:

.
Sun, ,
sun.com, hacker.hoople.usnd.edu.

, .
. ,
. char, make ..
, ( ),
, .
.

,
,
, . ,
,
, ,
- .

, ,
.

IBM PC Macintosh,
,
Internet.

: , .
;
. ,
.

.

.

,
.


,
.
, ,
(,
) , .
, ,
. (, Internet Worm)
.

.

, - ,
?
, , . ;
, ,
, . ,
.

.

,
, .
, , ,
.
- , .
,
. ,
, , .
,
.
, -.

, 7.4.3.2 !.
,
.
comp.sys. , Sun,
comp.sys.sun.

, ?

, ?
.
, .
?
,
. , , : Last login
06:31 26 Jan 1997. ,
? , . ,
6 .
. :
, - . :

, .

- .

, .

,
. , .
, , :

( UNIX /etc/passwd)
, , .

( BSD - UNIX ps aux;
System V ps -el) ,
- .

(,
ls -la) ,
.
.

, , ,
, .
, , , .
, ..
, .
,
( ) , ,
.

- ,
.
, -.
.
.
. .
, , . ,
, .
, .

, , ,
. .
. ;
,
.
, . ,
, , :
,
, , .
.
. ,
,
, , ,
.

Internet ?

(Mark Lottor),
(Stanford Research Institute),
Network Wizard,
Internet. ,
828 , 16,1 .
176 . ,
Internet,
,
,
. ,
70%,
,
.

Internet ,
WWW. 1997 408382
75000 1996 .
COM, 3,96 . , 25%
. COM, EDU, NET, Japan
MIL. , 89
, 100%.

, .

Internet
:
.

:

Telnet - .
Internet . ,
..

FTP (File Transfer Protocol) - .

. ,

.

NFS (Network File System) - .

, .

-
Internet. ,
. Internet
-
64 .

-
.
Internet .
.

Rsh (Remote Shell) - . Telnet,
, UNIX.

Rexec (Remote Execution) -
UNIX-.

Lpr - . ()
.

Lpq - .
.

Ping - .

Talk - ""
.
.

Iptunnel - NetWare
, Internet.

Whois - Internet.
, .

Finger - .

, Internet
:

Webster - .

- -
, - .

-
.
.

- ,
TCP\IP (Fido, Goldnet, AT50).

Internet
.

Gopher -
Internet,
. Gopher ,

. Internet 2000
Gopher-, ,
.

Gopher
, .
Gopher, ,
. Gopher- ,
.
VERONICA.
VERONICA 500 Gopher,
.

WAIS - , Gopher,

. WAIS .
, ,
WAIS
-.

WAIS ,
.

Internet 300 WAIS - .

,
.

WWW - .
.
. ,
, ,
, ,
.

WWW WAIS,
WWW
, Gopher.

WWW
WAIS
WWW ,
. ,
, , .

WWW - .
, Vatican
Exibit " "
.
into.funet.fi (); into.cern.ch.
() eies2.njit.edu ().

-.
Internet
( ) .
- .

.
.


.
,
.


Internet.

, Internet ,
Unix. Unix
.
Unix .

.


.
MS-DOS MS-Windows. Unix,

Internet.

.
- ,
, .


,
:
, ,
.

,
Internet, .
Internet.

.


. BBS -
.

Internet .
,
.
"online",
,
. -
, .

.
. ,
.
50$.


. TELEMATE, MTEZ, BITCOM, COMIT, PROCOM.


.

.


.
,
,
.


,

.

( Unix,
VMS) ,
.
.


Unix- .


.


, .

- NetWare
.
, -, ,
Iptunnel, -
.

( MS-DOS),
(
),
.


( aidstest), - ( Sheriff).

.

, Internet,
.
, ,
, .

Internet , ,
,
XXI .

.

.

Archie - .
Internet.

ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) - ,
Internet .

ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) -
.

ARPANET - , ,
,
Internet. .

Bps (bit per second) - .
.
, .

Cisco - , Cisco-Systems.

DNS (Domain Name System) - .
Internet IP-.

Ethernet - .
, 2 10
bps (2-10 Mbps). ,
TCP/IP, Ethernet Internet.

FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

.

,
.

,
.

FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions) - .
Internet
"" .

Gopher - ,
Internet.
.

HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)-
. -
;

.

Internet - .

internet -
.

IP (Internet Protocol) - ,
Internet,
.

I- - 32-
Internet.

Iptunnel - Internet.
NetWare
, Internet.

Lpr - .
.

Lpq - . .

NetBlazer - , Telebit.

NetWare - , Novell;

-. NetWare
(IPX),
TCP/IP .

NFS (Network File System) - .

.

NNTP (Net News Transfer Protocol) - .

.

Ping - .

POP (Post Office Protocol) - " ".
. -
.

PPP (Point to Point Protocol) -
Internet .
, SLIP.

RAM (Random Acsess Memory) - .

RFC (Requests For Comments) - .
Internet
Internet.

Rexec (Remote Execution) -
UNIX-.

Rsh (Remote Shell) - . Telnet,
, UNIX.

SLIP (Serial Line Internet Protocol) -
Internet .

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) - .
SMTP -
,
( 20 - 30 ). Internet
SMTP.

Talk - Internet.
"" .
.

Telnet - .
Internet .

TCP\IP - TCP\IP
Internet.

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) -
. TCP - ,
Internet.
(.. ),
.

UDP (User Datagram Protocol) - ,
TCP .

Unix - ,
Internet. : Unix-BSD, Unix-Ware,
Unix-Interactive.

UUCP - Unix- .
UUCP - TCP/IP,
Internet. UUCP -
, .

VERONICA (Very Easy Rodent-Oriented Netwide Index to Computer Archives)
- Internet
.

WAIS (Wide Area Information Servers) -
Internet .

WWW (World Wide Web) - .
, .

Whois - Internet.

Webster - .

.

- ,
.

- ,
().
. ,
, , ,
,
.

- .

(router) - ,
,
.

-
.
.

- .

- ,

.
, .

- ,
.



,
.
-
(-).

, ,
.

- ,
( , ..).

- ; . ,
( , )
(, , ).

- .
,
.

-
Internet.

.

.


NSFNET, 1992 .
FTP
nic.merit.edu ( /nsfnet/acceptable.use.policies/nsfnet.txt).

.

,
. ,
Internet,
. , NSFNET Internet,
,
. NSFNET
.

, .. ,
, .

, , ,
; Internet
.
, ,
. Internet -
,
.

NSFNET.

:

NSFNET
- ,
- ,
-
. .

:


- ,
, ,
.

,
.


, ,
- , ,
.

,
, -
, ,
, .

,
.


, .


,
.

, ,
.

:

,

.

.

NSFNET.
, , NSFNET,
.
NSF
.

.

INTERNET. . . BHV, .

PC Magazine Russian Edition. 112
1996 ; 14 1997 .

. 120 167 1996 ; 180
190 1997 .

Internet.

.

CompUnity 9 1996 .

Hard n Soft.

.

ComputerWorld .

PC Week Russian Edition.


ComputerWeek Moscow.


.
. , ,
. .

, 8-
.

, . ( ,
8- .) TCP
. - ,
, . ,
,
.

24 1997 .

, NREN , .
.
,
Interim Interagency NREN ( NREN).

, NSFNET,
.
.
, .

.
.

, .
Internet ,
,
.

.
, ,
NSFNET.

,
..

Internet Worm , Internet
.
, ,
. ,
worm (),
. Computer Security
Basics (Russell and Gangemi), OReilly & Associates.

Kris Kristofferson and Fred Foster, Me and Bobby McGee, 1969.

, Global Network Navigator.
,
info@gnn.com.

,
RFC1244 CERT. ,
Computer
Security Basics (Russell and Gangemi). UNIX -
Practical UNIX Security (Garfinkel and
Spafford).

TCP/IP Network Administration (Craig
Hunt, OReilly & Associates).

, ,
.
. :
.

, ,
Internet,
. Internet,
Network Wizard,
Internet Business Development General Magic.

INTERNET. . -513.


?
?
?