«  »

Защита информации в глобальной сети

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3.1. Solstice Firewall-1.

3.1.1. .

3.1.2. Solstice Firewall-1.

3.1.3. .

3.1.4. Firewall-1.

3.1.5. .

3.1.6. FTP.

3.1.7. UDP,
.

. .

WWW .

3.2.1. IP.

3.2.2. .

Intranet.

3.3.1. .

3.3.2. .

3.3.3. .

3.3.4. .

3.3.5. Web.

3.3.6. .

3.3.7. .

3.4. PGP.

3.5. Blowfish.

3.6. Kerberos.

(VPN).

.

.

.

.

VPN.

.

.

Internet - , .
Internet 15 150
. 7-10%. Internet
, ,
, .


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.

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.

Internet ,
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Internet ,
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.
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Internet ,

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(80-90% ).


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Internet,
? -,
(TCP/IP),
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IP-, )
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Internet
,

, ,
intranet, (fire-wall) Internet,
.
TCP/IP Internet
.


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, 10Base-T
(10 /)
Web- .


Internet :

-, Internet
(
) ,
World Wide Web.

-, ,
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MAC-.

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2.

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1992 .
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Internet .
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. , ,
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. 1995 .
Citicorp 40 ! ( , ,
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Citicorp.)


. Internet,

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2.
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3. .

- , Internet

. CERT
Coordination Center 1995 2421 -
. ,
Computer Security Institute (CSI) 500
, 1991
48.9 %, , , 66
. .


- -
(firewalls).

,
30%
.



3.1 Solstice FireWall-1 .


.
,
.

(firewalls),
.


, , .
Solstice FireWall-1 c
,
Internet-.
Solstice FireWall-1,
.

3.1.1.

.

.

. (firewall) -
,
.

FireWall.

,
,
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Internet.

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Internet,
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, ,
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-,

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-,

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-,

. , firewall ,
, ,
.

.
,
.

. ,
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.

. Firewall
. ,
, ,
, , , ,
,
.
.

3.1.2. SOLSTICE FIREWALL-1.

,
, Solstice
FireWall-1 Sun Microsystems.
.
,
.

Solstice FireWall-1 ,
.

FireWall-1
. .
,
,
.

3.1.2.1



Solstice FireWall-1 .


FireWall-1 :

, .
,
, .

,
. ,
40 , FireWall-1.

,
:
,
.

.

-
-
.
: Cisco IOS 9.x, 10.x, BayNetworks (Wellfleet) OS
v.8.

,
, , ,
,
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.



3.1.3. .

c c
FireWall-1.

.3.1.3..1



FireWall.

1. , ,
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2. .
,
, , . , ,
FireWall-1.

3. ,
.
,
.

4.
, , , ,
,
.

5. , ,

.

:

1. , ,
,
, UNIX-.

2. ,
.

3. Internet .
.


FireWall-1.

FireWall-1 .



, FireWall-1 ,
,
, .

,
- FireWall-1.
FireWall-1 ,
,
,
UNIX.

3.1.4. FIREWALL-1 .

. 5 FireWall-1.

. 3.1.4.1



FireWall-1.

,
,
. .


, , ,
(),
( )
( ).
() ,
FireWall-1.

3.1.5. .

,
, .


. ,
, World Wide Web, FTP .

, ,
Internet .



Internet.

,
, ,
.
, .
FireWall-1.

, , ,
FireWall-1.

3.1.6. FTP.

Solstice FireWall-1
FTP telnet
.
, FireWall-1 FTP telnet UNIX
, ,
. ,
FTP telnet (
),
, .

:

Unix-;

S/Key ;

SecurID .



3.1.7. UDP-,
.

UDP-, TCP/IP,
.
. ,
,
, .

FireWall-1
UDP , .
,
UDP- (: ),
FireWall-1.

,
, .

, ,
RPC, FTP .
, ,
FireWall-1 ,

.

Solstice FireWall-1
.
,
Internet.

3.1.8. . .

Solstice FireWall-1
- ,
- . ,

.
,
. ,

, .

FireWall-1 .
Solstice FireWall-1
.
,

.

Sun Microsystems
Solstice FireWall-1. Internet-,
,
Ethernet 10 /, 10%
SPARCstation 5,85
486DX2-50 Solaris/x86.

Solstice FireWall-1 -
,
.

Solstice FireWall-1

TCP/IP.

Solstice FireWall-1
.

Solstice
FireWall-1 .

3.2. WWW .

:

IP ;

.

, ..
Internet,
.

.

3.2.1. IP .

,
IP , :

123.456.78.9

123.456.79.

(
) IP 123.456.78.9
123.456.79.

3.2.2. .

,
,
.

: ,
, .
WWW Internet .

3.2.2.1



.

.
:

.3.2.2.2

.

,
, - :

.3.2.2.3

.

3.3 Intranet.

Intranet
,
,
.

Intranet- -,
Web-. Web-
,
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.

, ,
, Intranet.
.

- .

:

(, , ..);

( ,
);

( , );

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3.3.1. .



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3.3.1. .

Intranet- -
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:

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, Intranet.


Intranet . ,
. Intranet
Web-, ,
Web-
(, ) HTML-.

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( ,
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,
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, .
/ .

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, (,
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Intranet-,

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-
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Web-. ,
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3.3.3. .

- ,
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Intranet.
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3.3.3.1

.

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TCP/IP.
.
, TCP/IP
SPX/IPX, Novell NetWare.
, .

, ,
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.
. , ,
,
( ) .

3.3.3.2

,
,
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, ,
ISO/OSI.
,
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( 2), ( 3),
( 4) ( 7).
,
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/ ,
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3.3.3.4

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Web- ,
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3.3.4. .

,
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.
-
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Web- ,
(Common Gateway Interface - CGI).

CGI-
HTML-.
,
CGI-. ,

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,
Web-.

Intranet,
,
Web- - ,
.. ,
- Intranet.

,
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,
.

:

( );

( );

(
).

3.3.5. WEB-.


Web-.
, ,
-
- .

Web-
(URL - Uniform (Universal) Resource Locator).
- HTML-, CGI-
..

, IP- /
. ,

, .

Web-
() .
HTML-,
CGI- ..

Web-
.

, , Web-,
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index.HTML , HTML- .

CGI- .
,
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3.3.6. .

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3.3.7. .


. -
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.

Intranet-
Web-.

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,
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Intranet
, ,
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Intranet.
,
-
. ,

.

3.4. PGP.


.
. - (o
), ,
.

PGP (Pretty Good Privacy, Philip
Zimmermann),
. ,
,
, .

Internet PGP
(Pretty Good Privacy), 1991 .
PGP ,
, ,
.
UNIX, DOS, Macintosh VAX. PGP
Internet 75-
. , PGP 2.6.6
MIT.

PGP .
: .
, .
, .
,
PGP-;
.
, ;
.

PGP , , ,
.
PGP plug-ins
, Eudora, Netscape Outlook.
Plug-ins PGP
, ,
. (tray),
(floating toolbox) (right-click
menu) PGP .
.

,
PGP- .
, ,
.
,
. ,
.
.

PGP
Mac. Smart Binary
Mac Windows ( ).

PGP ,
Nuts & Bolts, Helix Software. ,
PGP . Network Associates Helix
. PGP for Personal Privacy
, Nuts & Bolts. Pretty Good
Privacy .

PGP

pgp kg
.

Pgp kx [a] _ (,
)

, - .

Pgp ka _ࠠ -
.

Pgp e _ /蠠 ,


(

).

Pgp es _ /蠠
.

Pgp s _ࠠ .

( , ;

PGP).

Pgp sa _ࠠ


ASCII-. ( ,
PGP ).

Pgp _렠
.

Pgp _ _ .

3.5. Blowfish.

Blowfish 97 .
Blowfish, 1993
Bruce Schneier. Blowfish ,
32 448 .
Blowfish , , ,
, .
Blowfish,
.



Blowfish - .
, ,
. , DES
32- ,
Pentium PowerPC.



Blowfish - 64- .
2 :
. , 448-,
4168 .

16- Feistel.
- ,
. - XOR 32- .
- 4
.

: Blowfish .

.

1. P- 18 32- :

P1, P2,..., P18.

2. 32- S- 256 :

S1,0, S1,1,..., S1,255;

S2,0, S2,1,..,, S2,255;

S3,0, S3,1,..., S3,255;

S4,0, S4,1,..,, S4,255.

: Blowfish - Feistel, 16 .

Blowfish, ,
,
.

, 521 , .
, .

MINI-BLOWFISH

Blowfish
. . Blowfish-32
32 , 16 (
S- 16 ). Blowfish-16 16-,
8- ( S- 4 ).



, .. S
P- . 64-
32- , . Blowfish
128-, .
-Blowfish ,
.

Feistel, Blowfish, ,
.

,
, .
, ,
,
, "". -
,
. Blowfish
.


" ". 522
, , 29
.



. ,
16 8 .
. ,
, 8
192 .

.
, .
S-
.
:
.

, ,
.

Blowfish -
,
,
.

Blowfish , .

.

Blowfish - .
.
. , ,
,
,
32000- .
.
(.BFA),
Blowfish Advanced.

Windows 95/NT,
Blowfish. EncLib 5/5
Blowfish CDC ECB.

3.6.KERBEROS.


.
.

.
Kerberos. , 80- ,
,
.


.
,
, .
, ,
, , ,

.
,
.
,

. ,

. , , ,
.
, ,
, .
, ( Security Dinamics)

.
SecureID ( ),

UNIX-.
,
SecureID.
,
. Kerberos
(- ), Athena,
,
,
. Kerberos
,

,
,
.

/Kerberos/.

Kerberos /
, (
), Kerberos- ( ),
- ( ) .Kerberos-,
, :
(authentication server) (ticket granting
server). , Kerberos,
, , ,
. Kerberos
(realm) ,
Kerberos-

Kerberos.
, Kerberos
. Kerberos
. (Kerberos-),
, Kerberos.

, ,
, .
,
, ,
,

.
.
, Kerberos

. , ,
, .. .
( Kerberos,
)

(ticket-granting ticket),
.
, ,

.
(session key),
.
,
Kerberos-,
.

.
Kerberos,
.
( ) ,
, ,
. :
,
, ,
, .
,
.
,
.
(authenticator),
,
.
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. .


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(
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,
,
.
,
Kerberos .
, ,
.
Kerberos (Kerberos Administration Server).
, ,
(,
).

Kerberos.

, Kerberos
Kerberos. ,
Kerberos,
, Kerberos,
. Kerberos-
, , ,
.
Kerberos (
)
. ,
, Kerberos,
Kerberos
. , ,
Kerberos
, Kerberos
.
(,
, , )
,
Kerberos.

. , , ,
Kerberos
Kerberos.
Kerberos.

Kerberos ,
Kerberos. , Kerberos-,
Digital Equipment ,
-, ,
Kerberos. ,
, Kerberos
.

Kerberos-5.

Kerberos ,
. ,
Kerberos,
, RFC
1510. Kerberos ,
.
,
,
.
Kerberos-,
. ,
, .
Kerberos DES
(Data Encryption Standard ),
,
, DES.

.


Kerberos . ,
TELEBIT,
,
Kerberos NetBlazer.
UNIX , NetBlazer
telnet rlogin
. ,
, ,
NetBlazer,
. Kerberos

. , , ,
Kerberos ,
(, ,
- ),

. , Kerberos

.
,
. Kerberos
,
Kerberos
( ).
,
.

Kerberos ,
, ..
.
Netscape,
,
Kerberos.
Kerberos.
. Purdue ( )
COAST (Computer Operations, Audit and Security Technology),

. , PCERT
(Purdue Computer Emergency Response Team)
. PCERT, ,
FIRST (Forum of Incident Response
Team).

( 16 1996
.), . . ,

,
,
.


4. .

,
.
.


.

,
.
, -
. ,
,
.

, 95 %
(
). 70 %.
, .
,

,

.



. / ,
.
.

,
,
.
,
- .

,
, :
, , , ,
.
,
()
. ,
, ,
.

(Virtual Private Networks - VPN)
,
(Network
Service Provider - NSP) Internet- (ISP),
. Infonetics Research ,
VPN 100 % 2001 .,
12 . . , 92 %
Internet- 60 % ISP
VPN 1998 .

,
VPN, , ()
, ,
()
(Public Switched Telephone Network - PSTN).

,
, (,
Frame Relay ATM).
,

,
.

.
,
, .
, 1999 . 80 %
, ,
(,
, ,
, ,
).

,
, Internet
IP- , , ,
.
on-line , , ,
,
.

, , ,
,
,
,
.


Internet,
. ,
.
,
,
anytime anywhere Internet
, . VPN
,
(Internet, Frame Relay, ATM).
,
.
, .

4.1. .

, VPN
Frame Relay ATM,
IP-,
IP. , ,
,
.
Frame Relay Access Device (FRAD)
Frame Relay ATM.
()
. , VPN
Internet. ,
IP.
VPN Internet ,
.
,
IP, ,
Internet. ,
. :

(IPX, NetBEUI, AppleTalk
) IP ;

IP IP;

IP ;

IP;

.

, , ,
.

IP-
, IP-.
,
192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255,
65536 .
,
IP-
. ,
IP- -
.
.
, ,
Internet.
:
(Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol - DHCP)
(Network Adress Translation - NAT),
. DHCP ,
, NAT
IP- , Internet.

Internet
IP. IP IP-
. ,
, IP.

IP

( ) Internet.
IP
IP,
-.
.

, ,
.

.
Internet VPN.

:

;

;

();

.

.

.

. ,
,
VPN ,
-.

Internet , IP ,
IP.
VPN
IP PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol)
IP. , PPP
-, , .
IP IP
,
.
IP, . PPP
2 OSI,
2 (L2 Tunneling Protocol
L2TP).
Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol, 3Com
Microsoft, Windows
95 Windows NT .

,
.

4.2. .



Internet VPN. IT

Internet
.
Internet
, VPN, PSTN.
, л,
. :

Protection - (firewall);

Proof - ()
( );

Privacy -
.

л ,
VPN.

. ,
л .
VPN
,
.

VPN.

. ,
.
,
- .

.
,

.

Microsoft Point-to-Point Encryption (MPPE) PPP
, .
40- Windows 95 Windows NT (
128- ).
PPP.

Secure IP (IPSec) ,
Internet (Internet
Engineering Task Force - IETF). :
Authentication Header (AH) Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP).
AH ,
,
, .
, IP .
ESP, , (Tunnel Mode),
(Transport Mode).
, .

RADIUS
(Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service),
,
() ().


.
. Ascend, CheckPoint Cisco.

4.3. .

:
, .
-,
(Quality
of Service - QoS).
VPN,
.

4.4. .


, , ,
, . ,
VPN ,
.
, .. -
,
WAN.
VPN ,
,
, ,
.
,
,
.

4.5. VPN.

: ,
.
,
, VPN.
VPN, ..
, ,
, .
VPN ,
IP-, IPX- NetBEUI.
,
,
VPN WAN/LAN.

,
,
- .
,
.


(, -) .

VPN ?
, ,
30 80 %.
;
;
, PSTN,
.
, , VPN
,
.

.



Internet: .

Internet ,
,
TCP/IP.

.
,
, . IP
security option TCP/IP,
.
(firewalls),
. , ,
(VPN,
virtual private network, intranet).

Internet

TCP/IP-.
, 90-, Internet
,

.

.

, , : ,
, , ,
.

,

, .

? , ,
.

Internet .

Internet. ,

PGP (Pritty good privacy).
, PGP ,
, . , ,
on-line PGP . ,
PGP . PGP
, , ,
.


Internet, ,
, :

,




, ,

, ,

, ,


.


, .
,

.

,

.
- ,
Internet ,
.
.
.


, .
FireWall-1 CheckPoint
Software Technologies, Sun
. FireWall-1

Internet, FTP.
, ,

,
. , ,
, .

FireWall-1 ,
. ,

.
-
.
-
,
""
. ,
, ,
.

.


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