Компьютерные сети и телекоммуникации
.
.
.
1999
1.
.
2 .
- ,
.
:
, .
.
OSI, , .
-, .
, .
.
-
, ,
.
, ,
.
; ,
,
.
, :
.
.
-
(LAN) ,
( ). - (WAN)
,
.
() ,
,
(. ).
,
, : ,
.
.
. ,
:
;
: ,
, , ;
,
;
;
, , CD-ROM,
(,
).
-
- ,
, .
(PSTN, Public Switched Telephone Network)
(ISDN, Integrated Services Digital Network). ISDN
,
.
- ,
,
, :
(e-mail);
Internet.
Internet
Internet ,
,
. ( 200% ), Internet
.
Internet
.
, Internet
. Internet
, .
Internet
,
,
Internet .
: , ,
, .
-
.
,
.
.
.
.
,
.
.
.
,
, .
.
// ().
.
, , ,
.
.
, .
.
.
,
.
.
.
,
- , :
(NIC, Network Interface Card)
(- )
(- )
(- )
Structured Wiring System ( )
, ,
.
-
.
.
-
( ,
).
.
,
,
.
,
. ,
.
" " (TP, Twisted Pair) :
(STP, Shielded Twisted Pair)
(UTP, Unshielded Twisted Pair).
.
" "
, .
"" . " " (3, 4
5). ,
.
.
,
.
(
) 10, 100 1000 /.
, .
, UTP,
,
. ,
.
?
,
(10-/ Ethernet, 100-/ Fast Ethernet 1000
/ Gigabit Ethernet).
UTP 5.
10BASE-T (Ethernet) 100BASE-TX (Fast Ethernet) 100BASE-T4 (Fast
Ethernet) 100BASE-FX (Fast Ethernet) 1000BASE-FX (Gigabit Ethernet)
2 2 4
3/4/5 5
3/4/5
/
, ,
.
( )
(NOS, Network Operating System).
(NIC, Network Interface Card)
.
.
,
.
.
, ( )
,
(/
) . ,
,
,
( ).
Hab (; ) - ,
" ".
""
"".
.
,
.
.
-
, .
:
, ,
(Ethernet, Fast
Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, FDDI ..).
, .
( ) - ,
,
" ".
()
.
,
.
.
?
. , ,
,
( ).
.
,
.
,
.
( SuperStack II PS Hub)
,
(
10 /).
.
(dual-speed)
. Ethernet 10 /
Fast Ethernet 10 /,
, .
- Ethernet Fast
Ethernet, ,
,
.
,
, ,
, .
Switch ()
1. ,
.
2. - , ,
.
(data PABX).
(,
), ,
.
.
,
10 100 /,
.
,
- .
?
,
, ,
(), MAC-
(Media Access Control) (
, ,
).
,
.
, ,
.
,
( ),
.
:
(LAN) -
(WAN).
.
(, TCP/IP,
IPX, AppleTalk) , ,
, OSI.
.
,
, ,
, .. ,
,
.
3
,
. ,
,
. 3
- .
,
,
.
( ) ,
. ,
.
,
. 1
3 5, 1
3, 4.
Internet . ""
"/".
, ,
, ,
,
.
,
,
. , ,
.
. ,
PC Card.
56 /.
.
,
- , :
(NOS, Network Operating System) -
, .
.
,
, Windows 95, Windows NT, UNIX, Macintosh OS/2.
.
, ,
, .
,
.
,
. ,
,
.
Windows NT Server, Novell NetWare Banyan VINES.
,
. ,
"
", (TCO, Total Cost of
Ownership).
World Wide Web
, ,
, ,
.
, RMON RMON2,
.
,
,
.
,
.
, ,
, " "
.
OSI, , .
(Protocol)
,
.
, . -
.
.
,
.
,
,
.
, . (OSI, Open Systems Interconnection),
(ISO,
International Standards Organization). OSI
"" - ()
, ( ) .
.
, .
:
.
: .
, 3
,
, , ,
(OSI, Open Systems
Interconnection)
, , .
.
,
, , .
() (
).
.
.
,
.
,
.
.
.
, ( )
.
,
( ) .
, ,
. ,
.
,
.
,
. ,
, , .
, ,
.
,
()
,
.
, ,
,
.
,
. , ,
, .
, ,
,
,
.
, ,
,
, ,
.
, ,
,
,
, .
, ,
,
,
,
, ,
, ,
.
,
,
, ;
; ,
,
, .
,
,
, ,
.
, :
, , ,
, .
, ..
.
,
, .
,
, , ,
.
IEEE. :
,
. IEEE
.
IEEE
IEEE 802.1 ,
,
.
:
.
IEEE 802.2 ,
. ,
IEEE 802.3,
. ,
IEEE 802.3
. IEEE 802.4
.
IEEE 802.5. ,
25
, IEEE 802.6.
, ,
.
. ,
IEEE 802.11
, IEEE 802.12
lOOVG-AnyLAN.
1985 IEEE 802
ISO/DIS 8802/2.2 ISO/DIS 8802/5. ,
ISO/DIS 8802/7
,
Cambridge Ring.
.
,
. ,
.
. ,
.
.
,
.
(ARPA Host-to-Host Protocol), ARPA.
,
, ,
. ARPA
, ,
TCP (
Transmission Control Protocol). TCP
. , .224
, .214
.
(, , )
(, 1, 2, 3, 4) .
, . ,
,
.
.
:
Internet
IP;
(.25)
.75.
: IP
(), .75
().
Internet,
. Internet
,
IP- ( Internet Protokol).
,
.
. , 1973.,
ARPA Internetting Project.
, ,
.
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/
Internet Protocol). TCP/IP
: TCP IP. TCP
. IP
Internet .
IP
(1
Internet Control Message Protokol),
(IP-).
TCP !
. TCP/IP ,
TCP IP. ,
. . 4.3
.
TCP/IP
UDP (User Datagram Protokol)
,
IP.
,
. UDP , NFS
(Network File System ) SNMP (Simple Network
Management Protokol ).
UDP, TCP
.
Telnet
. FTP (File Transfer Protocol
)
, .
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protokol
)
Internet.
ARP (Address Resolution Protokol
), () IP-
Ethernet .
RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protokol
).
,
, . ,
, Ethernet
: FTP/TCP/IP/IEEE 802.4.
(Internet)
.
,
. , Ethernet
, -
, : 07:01::47:54:4.
,
IP-,
. IP-
( 255), ,
10.18.57.10. ,
.
, .
. ,
, .
(DNS), ,
, IP-.
IP- ,
. IP-
, . IP-
-, ,
, -.
()
, Ethernet, Token Ring .
ARP.
IP- ,
, IP-.
ARP, IP- .
IP-.
.
, -,
.
IP-.
.
IP-,
. ARP,
.
, ,
.
.
, , (File, Transfer,
Access and Management FTAM)
ISO 8571 .
,
,
.
, -. ,
(-),
-. ,
-
, ,
.
.
,
().
,
ISO/DIS 9040.2 .
( )
.
(Virtual Terminal Protocol VTP),
ISO/DIS 9041.2.
.
:
, , ,
, , . ,
:
,
,
, .
(Massage Handling Systems MHS),
. -,
.
. .
.400 ,
. .400
()
, .
.401; ,
. .408
, .409
.
.410,
. .411
.
.
, ,
. (
).
,
, ,
,
.
.
,
.
.
. ,
.
. ,
.
. ,
. ,
,
.
,
.
.
,
.
,
.
, ,
.
.
-.
. ,
.
-
, ()
().
.
,
.
. ,
.
. ,
,
.
Windows 95.
,
. ,
.
. ,
,
.
: ,
. ,
, , : ,
, , .
,
.
,
.
.
-
.
,
, .
.
" ", ,
.
.
.
,
.
.
.
(-) ,
.
.
.
.
,
.
Internet Web-.
Ethernet
Ethernet - .
IEEE 802.3, Ethernet
10 /. Ethernet
("" ).
, Ethernet .
, .
.
.
.
10
/.
Ethernet. Ethernet
.
Fast Ethernet
Fast Ethernet ,
Ethernet -
(CSMA/CD, Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision
Detection). IEEE 802.3.
(
) ,
. Fast Ethernet
100 /, Ethernet.
" ", .
10/100 /
,
10-/ Ethernet 100-/ Fast Ethernet.
"" 10/100-/ Ethernet/Fast Ethernet
, ,
, ( ,
).
10/100-/ Ethernet/Fast Ethernet 10
/ 10 /.
10/100-/ ( 3Com SuperStack II Dual
Speed Hub 500),
100 /. ,
. ,
,
.
Gigabit Ethernet
Gigabit Ethernet Ethernet
Fast Ethernet, 1000 / - 10
Fast Ethernet. Gigabit Ethernet - ,
" " (
, ). " " -
,
. Gigabit Ethernet
Ethernet Fast Ethernet .
.
ATM
ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) -
,
. , ATM
,
, - .
Internet
,
(backbone),
.
Token Ring FDDI
. ,
,
(token). ,
. , ,
, .
( )
. Token Ring 4 16 /
IBM.
FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface)
,
. Token
Ring
. Token Ring, FDDI
, .
(
) - .
FDDI 100 /
. FDDI 100 ,
- 2 .
ATM Ethernet.
2.
Windows 9x
2 .
- ,
Windows.
:
.
Windows.
: , ,
.
Microsoft Exchange.
Microsoft Fax.
.
, ,
.
,
.
Windows.
Windows 95 Microsoft
Corporation.
.
.
. Windows 95 ,
. ,
,
, .
, NetWare 3 4, OS/2 LAN Server
Windows NT Server,
Windows 95.
Windows 98
Windows 95.
, Internet.
Microsoft Plus
.
.
,
,
, .
plug-and-play,
.
, ,
.
DOS
(, diag lanset).
" "
" ".
. "", ,
Windows 95
.
. ,
.
Windows 95 ,
. ""
, " ".
,
. .
Windows 95 ,
.
.
, ,
, Windows 95.
,
,
. , ,
.
, .
,
Windows 9. -
, ,
( " ").
.
.
"" " ".
""
. ,
( Windows 95
NETBEUI NetWare IPX/SPX).
"" "".
" "
"" "". ":
" , -, - , -,
, , Microsoft,
IPX/SPX. "", a IPX/SPX
.
, ,
"",
"".
": IPX/SPX- ",
: "" "
"NetBIOS". "".
, . ,
.
, IPX/SPX.
. "NetBIOS"
NetBIOS IPX/SPX,
, NetBIOS.
, , ,
,
.
.
. , ,
Windows
Microsoft
Microsoft.
.
:
: .
,
, (..
) .
.
Microsoft
: Microsoft.
, .
,
, -
.
:
Windows, .
Microsoft,
, ,
ʻ.
Windows, .
, ,
. , ,
,
.
Windows 95
, .
: , ,
.
. :
(
,
) (
, ,
).
Windows 9
.
. :
,
/
/ ( ,
)
,
,
.
.
. ,
.
.
. ,
.
.
: ,
, .
- :
.
, - .
-
: , , .
,
.
, .
, , ʻ
.
,
. ,
, .
,
. .
,
( , , ).
,
, .
,
.
3.
.
2 .
-
.
:
.
.
.
().
.
.
, .
. ,
, , .
, , ,
, ,
.
,
. ,
. , ,
, ,
, .
, ,
, .
- -
, .
?
ARPANET , ,
( ,
) -. . ,
. , , ,
, ARPANET
.
.
, .
, ,
75% . (
, / /
) ,
,
. ,
, .
, .
!!
, :
, , ..
.
.
:
-
.
- .
-
-.
.
,
Internet Mail
Windows 95, mail UNIX.
/bin/mail,
AT&T. .
,
. ,
. MIME
(Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions)
Internet.
.
.
, ,
.
. SMTP (Simple Mail
Transport Protocol ),
RFC821.
UNIX (MMDF, zmailer,
smail, upas ), ,
sendmail.
sendmail , -
. Internet
. sendmail :
, -
;
;
;
, ;
;
.
sendmail, ,
, , .
.
,
.
, , , ..
mail
. Spop
, UUCP
(UNIX to UNIX ) POP (Post Office Protocol).
/bin/mail ,
uux spop, fetchmail
, UUCP
POP, IMAP. /bin/sh ,
.
: -
-.
, ,
, .
. UUCP-
-, Internet- ()
.
- Internet-
@, @
.
.
yvv@softpro.saratov.ru
yvv , ,
, , , . ,
@,
. .
, , -
.
ISO 1. , ru -
.
. , , ,
,
edu Educational
institutions (, cs.berkeley.edu), gov Government institutions
(. 1).
saratov
. ,
.
saratov.ru .
,
.
softpro.saratov.ru.
SoftPRO Group.
.
UUCP - ,
.
. , - UUCP :
mcvax!uunet!ucbvax!hao!boulder!lair!evi
lair, evi.
UUCP- ,
. , ucbvax
hao uunet. UUCP-
, , Internet,
.
UUCP,
UUCP.
.
( ),
,
.
:
;
/etc/aliases;
~/.forward.
, aliases
.
, aliases:
nemeth: evi
evi: evi@mailhub
authors: evi,garth,scott,trent
, , nemeth,
evi . ,
, evi, mailhub. ,
, , , authors,
evi, garth, scott trent.
, , nemeth,
evi@mailhub.
, :
, ;
, ;
, .
, , ,
.
"Standard for the Format
of ARPA Internet Text messages", - Request for Comment
RFC822, .
:
Received: by avg386.kiae.su; Thu, 20 Dec 90 13:51:59 MSK
Received: by jumbo.kiae.su; Thu, 20 Dec 90 12:52:17 MSK
Received: from CS.ORST.EDU by fuug.fi with SMTP id AA15539
(5.65+/IDA-1.3.5 for avg@kiae.su); Thu, 20 Dec 90 08:19:05 +0200
Received: from jacobs.CS.ORST.EDU by CS.ORST.EDU (5.59/1.15) id AA19981;
Wed, 19 Dec 90 22:19:59 PST
Received: by jacobs.CS.ORST.EDU (5.54/1.14) id AA02240; Wed, 19 Dec 90
23:19:35 MST
Date: Wed, 19 Dec 90 23:19:35 MST
From: Harry Brooks
Message-Id: <9012200619.AA02240@jacobs.CS.ORST.EDU>
To: avg@kiae.su
Subject: Re: wondering if you attended?
Status: RO
Hi! Check of communication. If the message has passed normally came
confirmation.
, ,
, ,
,
: , , ,
, .
. ,
: :
:
Received: ( ).
, ,
, , .
Date: ;
,
, .
From: < >.
Message-Id: ;
.
.
, .
To:
Subject: . Re: ,
( reply) .
Subject: .
.
, .
, ,
.
,
.
, - ... .
Status: ; ,
,
.
.
. .
(Received: Date:), (To:, Subject:).
, ,
.
,
.
- , .
( ,
) ,
.
Internet
.
. ,
, ,
.
.
. , Quick Link II Fax
- - : ,
TIFF, IMG GEM Artline Ventura
Pablisher, BMP Microsoft Windows, CUT Dr.Halo PCX Paintbrush.
.
,
, .
:
,
.
.
TCP/IP.
.
Windows 95 98 . -
Windows. MS Outlook Express.
.
.
().
Eudora.
Eudora Internet
.
SLIP,
,
Unix.
Eudora, Eudora Lite,
Web http: //www. eudora. com.
Eudora Message.
, Message>New Message (
Ctrl+N Windows Command+N Macintosh).
, ,
Tab , , ,
.
, Send,
. (
Queue). , (
) ,
,
.
Eudora, File | Check Mail
Ctrl+M ( Command+M). Eudora POP (POP Post
Office Protocol, )
.
()
Inbox. ,
Enter .
, Message |
Reply (Ctrl+R) .
, , ,
.
,
, Ctrl+R, Ctrl+Shift+R (
Message | Reply,
Shift ).
, Delete
Trash,
,
Trash. , - ,
( Special Empty
Trash).
,
Mailbox | Trash,
. ,
Transfer, Inbox.
, , ,
Eudora
.
Eudora, File | Exit ( Macintosh File |Quit).
Microsoft Exchange, Internet Mail Outlook Express.
Windows 95, MS Mail
MS Exchange,
( , Exchange,
, , Internet).
Office 97 Microsoft ,
Outlook.
Outlook, Outlook Express,
Internet Explorer 4.0
Microsoft. Outlook Express,
.
Outlook , ,
, .
Internet Mail (
Microsoft Internet News Internet Explorer
3 0) Microsoft,
Internet. Internet Explorer 4 0
Outlook Express.
Microsoft Web- Microsoft,
Internet Explorer http://www.microsoft.corn/ie
http://www.microsoft.com/ie_intl/ru
Outlook Express , Internet,
MSN
,
, , -
Inbox. (
Inbox (),
, ,
).
Outlook Express , Compose>New Mail
Message (>) (Ctrl+N),
. , Tab
Send ().
,
Compose>Reply (>0 ) (Ctrl+R).
Outlook Express
.
.
, Mail>Reply to Author ( Ctrl+R)
. , , ,
, .
,
, Ctrl+R, Ctrl+Shift+R (
Message> Reply, Shift
).
, Delete
(), Deleted items
() ,
(
,
).
, Deleted Items ()
,
Edit>Move To (> )
, Inbox
() .
, ,
, ,
. Outlook Express
File>Exit (>).
NETCOMplete
NETCOMplete ( NetCruiser) Netcom
Windows, Macintosh.
,
"" , Eudora, Internet Mail Pegasus.
, Compose (
E-Mail>Compose), .
Tab,
, Tab .
.
E-Mail . (
Inbox) .
.
, Reply.
Delete ( Trashcan).
NETCOMplete .
NETCOMplete, File>Exit.
Netscape Messenger
Netscape
Netscape Messenger, Netscape
Mail.
Netscape Messenger, File>Compose
Message ( Ctrl+M Compose).
, Tab
Tab,
, Send.
Netscape ,
,
Netscape, Window>Inbox. (
, Netscape
).
Web-, ,
. ,
,
Web- .
,
.
Reply (Re Mail), Ctrl+R ( Command+R Macintosh)
Message> Reply >To Sender. ,
Delete, Netscape Trash
,
, , Trash,
Message>File
Message>lnbox.
, Netscape .
, File>Exit ( Macintosh
File>Quit).
Pegasus Mail
Pegasus ,
Internet.
Pegasus Web-
http://www.cuslm. ca/pegasus/.
Pegasus , File>New Message
( Ctrl+N), , Tab
. Tab ,
.
, Send.
, ,
,
File>Send
all Queued Mail.
, File> Read New
Mail ( Ctrl+W),
New mail ( ,
Main Mail , New mail
).
, File>Check
Host for New Mail, ,
. Reply.
Delete
Pegasus, File>Exit.
4.
.
2 .
-
.
:
.
.
, .
IP-.
.
WWW.
FTP.
Usenet.
.
Internet 1990- .
,
.
, Internet.
Internet.
.
, Internet
. Internet ,
,
.
Internet
. Internet
.
. ,
Internet (Internet Architecture Board IAB)
.
Internet
. Internet
Internet,
.
.
Internet ,
Internet (Internet Service Provider).
() Internet,
Internet Internet.
.
.
Internet
. ,
.
Internet - .
Web-,
Web-.
(Online Services).
, Internet,
.
CompuServe America Online.
Internet.
Internet.
- Internet.
,
,
.
- ,
Internet,
.
, Internet
,
.
- Internet
(,
,
, ).
Internet
.
- ,
Internet;
Internet.
, ,
.
, .
,
(dial-up access)
; , ,
ISDN-,
, , , .
ISDN
, ISDN-.
ISDN-
ISDN-.
Web-, ,
(leased line).
Internet.
.
, .
56 / 45 /.
1,5 /.
, frame relay .
. Frame relay
,
.
frame relay 1,5 /.
frame relay,
,
(Permanent Virtual Circuit PVC), no
. ,
, PVC , , PVC
.
frame relay ,
. ,
.
( , ),
frame relay .
, .
TCP/IP
5 Application level
4 Transport level
3 Internet level
2 Network interface
1 Hardware level
TCP/IP
Internet. TCP
,
.
TCP/IP- ,
.
hardware
network interface ( )
, ,
. ,
TCP/IP,
, " " ,
.
.
,
.25 Frame Relay.
internet () IP.
( )
-.
IP - -
. ()
,
TCP/IP.
IP ,
,
(),
. TCP UDP,
transport () . TCP UDP
. TCP, ,
. , ,
, "" ,
,
. UDP (, , IP) ,
. . , ()
, (datagram).
application () ,
, (File Transfer Protocol, FTP)
(Simple Mail Transfer Protocol, SMTP),
(Telnet)
TCP/IP Internet
. ,
Internet.
( 1500 )
,
. .
, TCP/IP
,
. IP ,
. TCP/IP
. TCP/IP
Internet. ( )
,
,
.
TCP/IP ,
. ,
.
,
.
TCP IP.
IP .
.
IP -,
(, Internet
Point-to-Point (-) ),
.
Internet,
IP- Internet.
,
, . ,
,
. ,
- .
IP , ,
, .
,
, ,
, .
,
,
. IP
, TCP .
, .
, TCP
. , TCP
,
.
IP-.
,
.
Internet Internet ,
IP. IP-
1 254, .
IP-: 10.18.49.102. IP-
0 255,
. 255
IP. 0
. ,
102 10.18.49.102.
10.18.49.0 , 0.0.0.102
.
IP-
, , . Internet
, .
: .
( ) .
.
: .
() . ()
.
: .
. .
IP- Internet.
,
IP-.
, Novell InternetWare Microsoft Windows NT,
, IP-.
, IP- ,
Internet.
1993 Internet
(Internet Network Information Center InterNIC),
(Domain Name System DNS).
IP-. ,
""
comsys.ntu-kpi, IP 10.18.49.102.
IP-,
msys.
, ,
- Internet.
.
, .
,
, , .
, comsys.ntu-kpi.kiev.ua .u ,
. ,
,
, , . ,
.u - , .fr , a .nl .
, ,
, IP-.
, .ntu-kpi
, comsys
.
.
IP-. -
Internet-, .
IP- . ,
, ,
Internet-.
, .
,
(root name server), ,
IP-,
, .corn.
( ,
) InterNIC. IP-
, , .
.
IP- -
.
,
.
, .
, www ,
World Wide Web ( Web),
Internet-.
World Wide Web,
,
(HyperText Markup Language HTML),
,
HTML. Web-
(HTTP), , HTML
. ,
Web- Web-. Internet
Web-.
.
.
Internet .
Web-,
,
.
Internet.
Netscape Navigator,
Netscape Communications, Internet Explorer
Microsoft. Internet (
).
Internet, HTTP, FTP, ,
, , Telnet Gopher.
Navigator ,
Java,
(), .
Java-, ,
Netscape ,
Microsoft.
,
IP-,
.
, Internet
,
http://meta.kharkiv.net/. ,
(HTTP).
(Universal Resource Locator URL).
IP- - ,
, ,
.
,
,
. HTML ,
, Web- .
Web- , , , ,
Web- .
.
.
World Wide Web .
WWW (World Wide Web )
, , . ,
(, , ,
..),
. WWW
,
Internet , ,
,
, ( Internet)
Internet, ,
Internet
. WWW ,
WWW Internet.
, WWW
, :
ftp, gopher, Usenet, ..
,
Internet, WWW
.
, WWW.
L (hypertext markup language), .
, WWW
. ,
.
(browser). HTML
html ( htm ,
MS-DOS Windows).
HTTP (hypertext transfer protocol, ).
, WWW.
URL (uniform resource locator, ).
Internet.
.
file //host/directory/filename ;
ftp://user.password@host.port/directory/filename FTP-;
gopher//host:port/gopher-path Gopber- ;
http://host.port/directory/filename7searchpart WWW;
mailto.user@host Internet;
telnet://user password@host.port/ TELNET-
FTP .
FTP ,
, TCP/IP:
,
,
FTP . ,
. - FTP:
FTP [ IP_address | hostName]
FTP
.
"Type" ("ascii")
("image").
"Dir." "Ls"
"CD" .
"Get remote_file_name local_file_name"
.
"Put local_Jite_name remote_flle_name"
.
"Close" FTP .
"Open" FTP.
"Quit" .
FTP ,
, anonymous
.
, ,
anonymous ftp . FTP -
, Internet,
,
anonymous
ftp.
Usenet.
,
,
, , ,
. .
,
Usenet.
Usenet
, ,
Usenet Internet.
.
Usenet,
,
.
,
Internet.
,
, .
, ,
,
.
, ,
.
.
.
:
alt ; ;
comp , ;
misk , ;
news ;
;
sci ;
soc ;
talk : , , ,
..
Usenet ()
" ".
, , - (..
), , , ..
, .
, ,
, ,
Usenet .
, , ,
.
,
,
, .
, ,
comp.sys.sun.sun.admin. ,
m, , .
m sys,
. , sun
Sun Microsystems, a admin ,
. ,
conip.sys.sun.sun.admin
Sun Microsystems.
Usenet,
, HELP.
:
LIST Usenet:
SUBSCRIBE -. :
UNSUBSCMBE -. .
(mail-list) ,
.
,
,
.
, , u-llln@jet.msk.su ( ,
UNIX),
.
.
1