Локальные и глобальные компьютерные сети
: , .
:
1) .
, ,
:
()
, 24 ,
.
:
, 10 2?
, ?
,
?
?
?
?
.
.
Ethernet.
Ethernet.
, ?
?
?
Ethernet ?
, ?
?
?
, .
Internet.
, ?
Internet.
IP-?
IP-?
.25.
1 Ʌ
2 ()...
3
1
,
- .
:
;
;
;
;
,
, . ,
10 2,
,
, , Internet.
.
. ,
.
-,
- .
, ,
, ,
.
,
(, , .).
(
). ,
.
(),
(), ,
, . ,
.
, ,
.
: LAN WAN.
LAN (Local Area Network) ,
. LAN
, ,
.
(10 ) ;
.
WAN (Wide Area Network) ,
, ,
. WAN
(Frame Relay),
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
1, .
1 - .
2 ()
2.1
: ( Peer to Peer)
().
.
,
( )
.
.
, LANtastic, Windows3.11, Novell
NetWare Lite. DOS, Windows.
32- Windows95 OSR2, Windows NT
Workstation , OS/2) .
.
, ,
.
.
.
.
, ,
, ,
(100 / ). ,
,
.
:
.
, ,
, .
,
.
/. , .
, .
, , .
, Sun Microsystems.
, .
, , , ;
( 10 /),
( 100 /), ( 100 /);
, , ;
,
, , .
2.2
. Ethernet .
(),
- (),
, ..
.
, 2(), ,
.
.
,
. .
, 2(), .
,
.
.
, , 2(),
. ,
,
.
,
.
. ,
, ,
,
.
)
)
2 () , () , () 2.3
,
( ). :
, ;
;
( , , ..),
.
;
, ,
.
,
, .
,
,
. , ,
.
: Ethernet, ATM. FDDI (2 ),
, , ,
, - , , ,
Token Ring,
, (,
FDDI ,
)
.
2.4
Ethernet , ,
. CSMA/CD (
). ,
,
, ,
.
CSMA/CA (Collision Avoidance) , .
Radio Ethernet Apple
Local Talk ,
,
.
Ethernet (Half Duplex), :
(
) (Full Duplex),
.
( , )
( , ).
Ethernet
, (Ethernet II, 802.3, RAW,
802.2 (LLC), SNAP).
Ethernet : 10 /, 100 /, 1000 /
(). Gigabit Ethernet
5, , Ethernet
, (SMF) (MMF)
. :
10 / Ethernet: 10BaseT, 10BaseFL, (10Base2 10Base5
);
100 / Ethernet: 100BaseTX, 100BaseFX, 100BaseT4, 100BaseT2;
Gigabit Ethernet: 1000BaseLX, 1000BaseSX ( ) 1000BaseTX (
)
Ethernet ,
Ethernet (Ethernet 0,2
Ethernet 0,4 ).
Ethernet RG-58A/V ( 0,2 ).
50 .
.
. 185 , ,
30.
BNC-
(Bayonel-Neill-Concelnan) - (
, һ) .
().
BNC- (
-) .
, ..
Ethernet 50 .
Ethernet ,
0,4 50 .
500 .
.
, .
.
, 50 .
15- DIX- (Digital, Intel Xerox).
,
.
.
.
.
.
, .
, ,
,
. , , ,
.
,
,
(). 2-
, .. 2 185 .
-. -
, .
.
925 .
4- .
4 .
Ethernet 500 ,
100 .
50 , Ethernet
, . DIX-
, ,
.
, ..
. : DIX BNC,
.
, BNC-
, DIX- .
, ,
.
Ethernet .
, .
Ethernet 8- , .
.
hub ( ,
).
.
100 .
RJ-45. ,
. RJ-45 ,
.
,
. ,
.
8, 12, 16 24.
.
Fast Ethernet IEEE 802.3U.
Fast Ethernet IEEE 802.3.
IEEE 802.3U.
100 /. Fast Ethernet
.
Fast Ethernet ,
, .
Fast Ethernet (IEEE 802.3U)
. ()
2 1. Ethernet (IEEE
802.3) 5-4-3-2-1.
5-4-3-2-1 :
5 , 4 (),
3 , 2
(IRL), (25,6
).
,
Ethernet ,
.
,
( Jam,
). ,
, , ,
,
, .
20 , 100 /,
, 20 ,
10 /.
30 , 3
.
Fast Ethernet
II ( 3)
I ( 4)
3 - 2
.
4 - 1
.
Fast Ethernet
RTD. 5 1,11 - ,
1 - ,
50 -, 50 100, I 140,
II 92 -. RTD
,
(,
).
5 - Fast Ethernet.
373,15 -. , RTD
512 -.
( , II)
Fast Ethernet.
( 100Base-TX) II
205 , ( DTE)
412 .
Gigabit Ethernet.
Ethernet
IEEE-802.32.
1 /. ,
Gigabit Ethernet Fast
Ethernet 100 /.
1 /, ,
.
Gigabit Ethernet ,
(Quality Of
Service - QOS). Gigabit Ethernet
.
.
.
,
.
-
.
,
, .
, (cells).
.
-,
.
.
-,
,
.
-,
, .
.
:
(User Layer) ,
(IPX/SPX TCP/IP);
( Adaptation Layer - AAL);
ATM (ATM Layer);
(Physical Layer).
,
.
(AAL)
.
-
.
.
,
, .
,
, UNI . UNI
, , , ,
-.
3
3.1
, host- (
).
, , ,
.25.
,
,
BITCOM, COMIT, PROCOM, MITEZ .. ,
MS-DOS,
.
MS-DOS
.
Windows95 (RAS) WindowsNT.
. .
,
(),
.
, , ,
.
.
( Global One), , ,
.25, Relcom Internet,
TCP/IP.
,
.25
- Siemens, Telenet, Alcatel, Ericsson .,
TCP/IP Cisco Decnis.
6.
6 - .
3.2 Internet
Internet . Internet
.
Internet TCP/IP. ,
Internet, .
, -,
. ,
,
. ,
TCP/IP, -.
Internet .
(mail addresses)
-
(host names) .
Internet
.
Internet.
FTP. ,
FTP (
).
Archie. Archie
, Internet.
. .
,
, .
.
. ,
,
.
. Internet
( ) .
Internet.
,
,
,
.
40 000 ,
. ,
, .
,
. ,
.
.
.
,
, ,
.
, .
.
:
World Wide Web (WWW) .
.
WWW ().
, ,
. WWW .
,
, ( ),
,
.
, ,
.
Gopher-. WWW
, .
Gopher-
, Windows
() .
, , , ,
.
.
( ) ,
.
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) , .
NC.
(, )
.
WWW, FTP-
.
.
, ,
TCP/IP, .
, .
, IP-,
. IP- ,
( ), ,
.
,
IP-. IP- .
IP- ,
.
, DNS (Domain Naming System).
DNS- , , :
win.smtp.dol.ru.
, ,
( ).
.
.
, ( )
, . ,
DNS- :
ru , ;
dol , ,
Demos;
smtp Demos,
;
win smtp.
, DNS-
.
,
DNS- . , IP-, DNS-
.
.
Frame Relay (FR).
Frame Relay ,
.
,
.
FR ,
.
OSI, FR
. , ,
,
. FR
, OSI,
.
3.3 .25.
.
1992 . .
. ,
,
. , ,
, ,
, .
, :
;
,
, ;
, ;
.400
(, , -450).
,
().
.
- , ,
-,
.
.
: BT GNS (, ), Datex-P
().
, -,
, , .
, :
,
.25, -
;
.
:
on-line ;
on-line
;
Demos, (RFC 822 UNIX, );
, , ;
,
( );
;
+ .
.
Sprint International
() .
.
. .
,
, ,
, , .
, 30 .
, .
:
( ,
)
;
;
;
,
,
.