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Персональные компьютеры в cетях



充3

TCP/IP9

TCP/IP 9

IP Internet .11

腅.14

TCP/IP..17

Windows 腅..26

TCP/IP Windows ..26

TCP/IP ..32

TCP.34

TCP seguence number.35

腅..38

...39

充.40

充..43

46




. ,
,
.
.

, ,
( ,
, ),
. UNIX
, .
.

TCP/IP ,

Internet. TCP/IP
,
Internet, ,

.
TCP IP. 1969 DAPRA

. , APRANET,

.
-
, .
TCP/IP. 1983 TCP/IP
(MIL STD), DAPRA

TCP/IP UNIX.

TCP/IP - ,

. "TCP" "
", "IP" " ".
,
, .
, ,
TCP/IP, .
,
.
, DARPA
. ,
, TCP/IP.
.
(
" "
.
"internet").
"hosts"( ) "nodes"( ). TCP/IP
, ,
.
.
,
.
.

.

(IP). IP
.
- . ""
,
.
()
- .
,
. ,
.

, . TCP .
, .
.

, .

,
,
, .
,
.
, ; ,
IP ,
. - ,
.

(TCP) IP
.
, , ,

,
. TCP - ,

,
, , ,
. ,
,
, TCP. TCP
.
.
,
. ,
.
"-" TCP .

TCP
- .
( )
TCP,
.

1. c TCP/IP

1.1 TCP/IP

TCP/IP
Internet. TCP/IP
,
.
TCP/IP
, .

hardware
.

network interface ( )
,
. ,
TCP/IP, ,

.


,
.25 Frame Relay.

internet () IP.
( )
.
IP

.

, TCP/IP.

IP ,
,
(),
. - TCP/IP UDP,
transport() .TCP UDP
.TCP, , -
. , ,
, ,
,
. UDP ( IP) , .. ,

,
.

application () - ,
, ,
.

1.2 IP Internet

Internet IP ,
, IP . C 4
IP IP . IP
- . 5 IP - ,
.

Internet
,
TCP/IP. IP
. TCP/IP
IP . IP
IP
. TCP/IP ,
.

,
(host name). Domian
Name System (DNS). , comsys.ntu
kpi.kiev.ua DNS IP - 194.44.197.195.

,
, IP - .

TCP/IP PCI Apple
,
. Power Macintosh 9500
PCI , ,
,
Internet , .

Power Mac 9500 MacOs, System 7.5.2
Open Transport 1.0 , AppleTalk MacTCP,
, Macintosh
.

TCP/IP Internet
.

TCP/IP .
1 2
.
IP ,
, IP
.

Internet TCP/IP
. , NetWare AppleTalk ,
TCP/IP
.
,
TCP/IP .

TCP/IP
,
. , TCP/IP,
.
.
,TCP/IP
IP .
TCP/IP
NetBios IP LMHOSTS
, . IP
4 ,
128.66.12.1.
.IP
. , ,
.

1.3.

.
2 . ,
.
,
, .
,
.
,
, .
, .

, ,
. IP , ,
. ,
,
,
.
.
,
(subnet mask). ,
, , 1,
, , - 0 .

.
.
,
,
. IP ,
. .
,
IP .
,
. ,
.

InterNIC.
,
. . IP
, ,
. ,
.
,
, NIC,
. ,
.

, nuts.com* penaut.
nuts.com penaut,

penaut.nuts.com . nuts.com
InterNIC , penaut nuts.com -
.
, .
,

. NIC ,
NIC .

nuts.com sales.nuts.com

. ,
peanut.
peanut ,
peanut.sales.nuts.com.

(name server) .
IP -
TCP/IP . Internet
, DNS , ,
.
, IP
. - ,
.
.

1.4. TCP/ IP

TCP/IP .
, .
, ,
.
2 :
. 1 ,
.
,
(default route),
, .

DOS
UNIX , DOS .

. ,
. ,
TCP/IP .
UNIX
.
.
, .
,
ICMP . ,
, , ..
.
,
, , .

, ,
. - ,
.
. ,
-,
. . ,
.
,
.
, .

TCP/IP
. ,
.
IP ,
1.

TCP/IP
/.

, .
,
.
,
.
, ..
,
.
TCP/IP DOS ,
UNIX, TCP/IP,
UNIX, .

DOS ,TCP/IP

PRT

TSR



SNMP







PCNFS.SYS.TSR



DOS





. 1. PC/NFS

.1 , TCP/IP,
DOS. , , PC/NFS
SunSoft.
TCP/IP DOS.
, ,
TCP/IP, .
.
(TSR) ,
, DOS.
TCP/IP
AUTOEXEC.BAT. ,
,
DOS, 31h
DOS 21h. ,
- DOS,
.
TCP/IP
.
.
,
.
TCP/IP DOS .


TCP/IP ,
. ,
, ,
.
TCP/IP DOS,
. DOS
.
TCP/IP,
TCP/IP.
DOS.
, . ,
Microsoft, Network Device Interface Specification
(NDIS), Novell Open Datalink Interface (ODI).
. TCP/IP
NDIS, ODI,
.
.



TCP/IP

NetWare



TCP/IP





ODI Novell

IPX







.2.

, NDIS ODI, TCP/IP

, NetWare.

. 2 TCP/IP ,
IPX ,
ODI .
, TCP/IP
NetWare .

TCP/IP DOS
:
.
Install Setup.
,
, .
TCP/IP DOS .
UNIX,
TCP/IP DOS .


TCP/IP. TCP/IP
.
TCP/IP : IP ,
,
IP .

TCP/IP
. TCP/IP
BOOTP.
IP
. DOS
, .

.
2 : ,
, , .
TCP/IP ping.
ICMP IP . ,
.

:

C: \ ping almond.nuts.com

almond.nuts.com is alive

DOS
TCP/IP.

2 . Windows

2.1 TCP/IP Windows

Windows DOS . Windows
- (GUI
) , DOS . Windows,
DOS. Windows DOS,

. Windous
,
. ,
TCP/IP DOS , ,
.
3 TCP/IP Windows :
(TSR) Windows ,
DOS,
Windows . (DLL)
, ,
. DLL
, , -
Windows .
DOS. TCP/IP , DLL,
Windows. (VxD Virtual Device Driver)
TCP/IP Windows .VxD
, Windows.
DOS , VxD ,
. VxD DOS.

TSR DOS , Windows.
, TCP/IP,
. TCP/IP DLL
VxD- Windows . VxD , DLL,
. VxD -
TCP/IP.
,
TCP/IP Windows ,
, .
TCP/IP Windows,
. , Microsoft
TCP/IP, , SPRY -
, . Winsock
API, TCP/IP Windows. Winsock
Berkeley TCP/IP socket
Microsoft Windows.

,
.
NetWare, ,
TYCP/IP, k UNIX . Microsoft .
OC Windows
NT , .
,
Windows NT
Server. OC NT .
,
TCP/IP,
, . BIOS ,
/ DOS, ,
/
DOS. NetBios , /
.
.
. NetBios
, ,
. NetBios


. NetBios
, TCP/IP. NetBios over TCP/IP -
NetBios TCP/IP.
. , NBT,
, NBT.
, NBT.
, TCP/IP,
NBT. NetBios
TCP/IP. ,
TCP/IP- Mail,
. TCP/IP ,
Mail ,
Microsoft Mail . Windows NT
.
Microsoft NBT .
LMHOSTS (
) Scope ID (

). ,
TCP/IP NT ,
TCP/IP. Windows NT
, NetBios .
,
TCP/IP. TCP/IP
,
.
,
,
, TCP/IP.
, .
TCP/IP , ,

. TCP/IP
( peers). TCP/IP
. TCP/IP ,
.
TCP/IP
. TCP/IP
, RARP ,
BOOTP.

RARP ,
IP .
RARP ,
TCP/IP, TCP/IP Ethernet.
Ethernet
. RARP ,
IP- .
,
TCP/IP .
TCP/IP .

c BOOTP RFC 951.
BOOTP RARP, ..
BOOTP, RARP . BOOTP
.

, .
BOOTP ,
.
, .
DHCP
BOOTP.
TCP/IP .
IP- . DHCP
BOOTP .

2.2. TSP/IP

TCP/IP : .

.
.


. - "sniffing"


, ,
; , PPP- UNIX.
,

, .

- ,
, .
, " ethernet"
, , ,
.
UNIX - PC DOS Windows (
) .

TCP/IP-, , (
), , ,
TCP/IP-, , telnet-
.

, ,
, .
--
TCP/IP- (, secure shell)
(, S/KEY).

- UTP,
,
.

, . ,
,
( , ..).
- tcpdump .

2.3. TCP

,
/ , , /
TCP/IP-.
,
. ,

(, . SYN-).

.

"" .
TCP/IP , -
.

Unix ( DOS
Windows, ),
IP- . ,
.
, ,
. ,
IP-,

. , ,
.

IP-
.

2.4. TCP sequence number

(Robert T. Morris) A
Weakness in the 4.2BSD Unix TCP/IP Software -- IP
spoofing. - ,
, , "" - (
rlogin/rsh ).
-- , SMTP
.

, TCP- (3-way
handshake): sequence number (
C-SYN), ,
(C-ACK) sequence number
(S-SYN). (S-ACK).
:


. sequence
number acknowledge number.
.

, , sequence number (S-SYN
) .
TCP/IP. , 4.3BSD sequence
number, ,
125000. ,
, (,
) sequence number
.

TCP/IP
sequence number,
.

, , A B, ,
B "rlogin A"_ A,
. , C. A
, B C - .

- B ,
.
,
B. ,
, . -
.

B, ,
A ( ).

IP-, ,
A, sequence number .
IP-,
B. A sequence number,
B. B (
), , , .
, sequence number B
"" A, B
S-ACK (,
, sequence number
, A). ,
sequence number ,
.

IP-,
. , rsh,
.rhosts /etc/passwd
.

1:

, 100% , ,
, - ,
.
.

2.5.

-
"" , .. ,

(, telnet IAC NOP IAC NOP IAC
NOP...). . ,
.

ACK-

IP Hijacking , ,
,
ACK-. ,
, ,
ACK-.
... .

( ?) ,
. ACK-
, " ".

, ACK-,
"" - 10MB ethernet .
SLIP - .

2.6.

. , TCP/IP-,
,
sequence number/acknowledge number.
, .

,
ACK-.
.


,
. ,
, .

, ,
TCP/IP- ( - secure shell)
- IPsec).
. PGP.

,
TCP/IP. , [rfc...],
RST-,
RST-.
.


IP Hijacking (CERT).

2.7.

, ,
TCP- , .
-
. , ,
, .

,
,
.

.

--
( "passive scan").
TCP/IP SYN- ( -
). TCP-, ,
SYN/ACK-, 3-way
handshake. RST-. ,
, .
SYN/ACK- RST-, ,
(
RST- TCP/IP- ,
).

,
TCP/IP- . (
) ,
SYN_RECEIVED ( ,
RST) RST- SYN/ACK.

, (,
)
,
.

firewall
, .

.

TCP/IP
Internet. TCP/IP
,
Ethernet , ,

.

:

-TCP/IP .

-IP
. IP
. TCP/IP
,
. .

- ,
, .

TCP/IP ,
, -
. TCP/IP
. ,


. TCP/IP
. TCP/IP ,
.

TCP/IP
, ,
. TCP/IP
,
.

TCP/IP ?

,
. ,

.

TCP/IP:

C ,

. TCP/IP

.

TCP/IP
. TCP/IP
: Ethernet , Token Ring , X.25, ..
.

,
.
,
, Internet.

TCP/IP
, ,
,
..



.., ..

. . ,1998. 384.,.

..

. Ȕ 1997., - 272.

TCP/IP

UNIX

1995.,

1995., , 1.4.

UNIX , Ȕ 1997.

. 1 2

''


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