Персональные компьютеры в cетях
充3
TCP/IP9
TCP/IP 9
IP Internet .11
腅.14
TCP/IP..17
Windows 腅..26
TCP/IP Windows ..26
TCP/IP ..32
TCP.34
TCP seguence number.35
腅..38
...39
充.40
充..43
46
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. UNIX
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TCP/IP ,
Internet. TCP/IP
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Internet, ,
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TCP IP. 1969 DAPRA
. , APRANET,
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(MIL STD), DAPRA
TCP/IP UNIX.
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1.1 TCP/IP
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hardware
.
network interface ( )
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Internet
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(host name). Domian
Name System (DNS). , comsys.ntu
kpi.kiev.ua DNS IP - 194.44.197.195.
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, IP - .
TCP/IP PCI Apple
,
. Power Macintosh 9500
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,
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, Macintosh
.
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TCP/IP
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, nuts.com* penaut.
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.
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nuts.com sales.nuts.com
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peanut.
peanut ,
peanut.sales.nuts.com.
(name server) .
IP -
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1.4. TCP/ IP
TCP/IP .
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(default route),
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DOS
UNIX , DOS .
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UNIX, TCP/IP,
UNIX, .
DOS ,TCP/IP
PRT
TSR
SNMP
PCNFS.SYS.TSR
DOS
. 1. PC/NFS
.1 , TCP/IP,
DOS. , , PC/NFS
SunSoft.
TCP/IP DOS.
, ,
TCP/IP, .
.
(TSR) ,
, DOS.
TCP/IP
AUTOEXEC.BAT. ,
,
DOS, 31h
DOS 21h. ,
- DOS,
.
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.
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.
TCP/IP DOS .
TCP/IP ,
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.
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. DOS
.
TCP/IP,
TCP/IP.
DOS.
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Microsoft, Network Device Interface Specification
(NDIS), Novell Open Datalink Interface (ODI).
. TCP/IP
NDIS, ODI,
.
.
TCP/IP
NetWare
TCP/IP
ODI Novell
IPX
.2.
, NDIS ODI, TCP/IP
, NetWare.
. 2 TCP/IP ,
IPX ,
ODI .
, TCP/IP
NetWare .
TCP/IP DOS
:
.
Install Setup.
,
, .
TCP/IP DOS .
UNIX,
TCP/IP DOS .
TCP/IP. TCP/IP
.
TCP/IP : IP ,
,
IP .
TCP/IP
. TCP/IP
BOOTP.
IP
. DOS
, .
.
2 : ,
, , .
TCP/IP ping.
ICMP IP . ,
.
:
C: \ ping almond.nuts.com
almond.nuts.com is alive
DOS
TCP/IP.
2 . Windows
2.1 TCP/IP Windows
Windows DOS . Windows
- (GUI
) , DOS . Windows,
DOS. Windows DOS,
. Windous
,
. ,
TCP/IP DOS , ,
.
3 TCP/IP Windows :
(TSR) Windows ,
DOS,
Windows . (DLL)
, ,
. DLL
, , -
Windows .
DOS. TCP/IP , DLL,
Windows. (VxD Virtual Device Driver)
TCP/IP Windows .VxD
, Windows.
DOS , VxD ,
. VxD DOS.
TSR DOS , Windows.
, TCP/IP,
. TCP/IP DLL
VxD- Windows . VxD , DLL,
. VxD -
TCP/IP.
,
TCP/IP Windows ,
, .
TCP/IP Windows,
. , Microsoft
TCP/IP, , SPRY -
, . Winsock
API, TCP/IP Windows. Winsock
Berkeley TCP/IP socket
Microsoft Windows.
,
.
NetWare, ,
TYCP/IP, k UNIX . Microsoft .
OC Windows
NT , .
,
Windows NT
Server. OC NT .
,
TCP/IP,
, . BIOS ,
/ DOS, ,
/
DOS. NetBios , /
.
.
. NetBios
, ,
. NetBios
. NetBios
, TCP/IP. NetBios over TCP/IP -
NetBios TCP/IP.
. , NBT,
, NBT.
, NBT.
, TCP/IP,
NBT. NetBios
TCP/IP. ,
TCP/IP- Mail,
. TCP/IP ,
Mail ,
Microsoft Mail . Windows NT
.
Microsoft NBT .
LMHOSTS (
) Scope ID (
). ,
TCP/IP NT ,
TCP/IP. Windows NT
, NetBios .
,
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( peers). TCP/IP
. TCP/IP ,
.
TCP/IP
. TCP/IP
, RARP ,
BOOTP.
RARP ,
IP .
RARP ,
TCP/IP, TCP/IP Ethernet.
Ethernet
. RARP ,
IP- .
,
TCP/IP .
TCP/IP .
c BOOTP RFC 951.
BOOTP RARP, ..
BOOTP, RARP . BOOTP
.
, .
BOOTP ,
.
, .
DHCP
BOOTP.
TCP/IP .
IP- . DHCP
BOOTP .
2.2. TSP/IP
TCP/IP : .
.
.
. - "sniffing"
, ,
; , PPP- UNIX.
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, " ethernet"
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UNIX - PC DOS Windows (
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TCP/IP-, , (
), , ,
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--
TCP/IP- (, secure shell)
(, S/KEY).
- UTP,
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- tcpdump .
2.3. TCP
,
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TCP/IP-.
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(, . SYN-).
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TCP/IP , -
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Unix ( DOS
Windows, ),
IP- . ,
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IP-,
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IP-
.
2.4. TCP sequence number
(Robert T. Morris) A
Weakness in the 4.2BSD Unix TCP/IP Software -- IP
spoofing. - ,
, , "" - (
rlogin/rsh ).
-- , SMTP
.
, TCP- (3-way
handshake): sequence number (
C-SYN), ,
(C-ACK) sequence number
(S-SYN). (S-ACK).
:
. sequence
number acknowledge number.
.
, , sequence number (S-SYN
) .
TCP/IP. , 4.3BSD sequence
number, ,
125000. ,
, (,
) sequence number
.
TCP/IP
sequence number,
.
, , A B, ,
B "rlogin A"_ A,
. , C. A
, B C - .
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.
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.
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IP-,
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B. B (
), , , .
, sequence number B
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S-ACK (,
, sequence number
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sequence number ,
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IP-,
. , rsh,
.rhosts /etc/passwd
.
1:
, 100% , ,
, - ,
.
.
2.5.
-
"" , .. ,
(, telnet IAC NOP IAC NOP IAC
NOP...). . ,
.
ACK-
IP Hijacking , ,
,
ACK-. ,
, ,
ACK-.
... .
( ?) ,
. ACK-
, " ".
, ACK-,
"" - 10MB ethernet .
SLIP - .
2.6.
. , TCP/IP-,
,
sequence number/acknowledge number.
, .
,
ACK-.
.
,
. ,
, .
, ,
TCP/IP- ( - secure shell)
- IPsec).
. PGP.
,
TCP/IP. , [rfc...],
RST-,
RST-.
.
IP Hijacking (CERT).
2.7.
, ,
TCP- , .
-
. , ,
, .
,
,
.
.
--
( "passive scan").
TCP/IP SYN- ( -
). TCP-, ,
SYN/ACK-, 3-way
handshake. RST-. ,
, .
SYN/ACK- RST-, ,
(
RST- TCP/IP- ,
).
,
TCP/IP- . (
) ,
SYN_RECEIVED ( ,
RST) RST- SYN/ACK.
, (,
)
,
.
firewall
, .
.
TCP/IP
Internet. TCP/IP
,
Ethernet , ,
.
:
-TCP/IP .
-IP
. IP
. TCP/IP
,
. .
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, .
TCP/IP ,
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. TCP/IP
. TCP/IP ,
.
TCP/IP
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TCP/IP ?
,
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.
TCP/IP:
C ,
. TCP/IP
.
TCP/IP
. TCP/IP
: Ethernet , Token Ring , X.25, ..
.
,
.
,
, Internet.
TCP/IP
, ,
,
..
.., ..
. . ,1998. 384.,.
..
. Ȕ 1997., - 272.
TCP/IP
UNIX
1995.,
1995., , 1.4.
UNIX , Ȕ 1997.
. 1 2
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