Свойства машиностроительных материалов
: .., 96
: ..
, 1998
(
1. .
1.1. .
1.2. .
1.3. .
1.4. .
1.5. .
1.6. ()
() .
1.7. () .
1.8. .
1.9. - .
1.10. (- -)
1.11. - .
1.12. .
1.13. .
1.14. - .
1.15. .
1.16. .
2. .
2.1. .
2.2. .
2.3. .
2.4. .
2.5. .
3. .
3.1. .
3.2. ( ).
3.3.
.
3.4. .
3.5. .
4. .
5. .
5.1. .
5.2. .
6. .
6.1. .
6.2. .
6.3. ,
.
6.4. ,
.
6.5. .
7. .
7.1. .
7.2. .
8. .
8.1. .
8.2. .
9. () , ,
.
10. .
11. .
((
1. .
1.1. .
2. .
2.1. , .
2.2. .
2.3. .
2.4. .
3. .
3.1. , .
3.2. .
3.3. .
3.4. .
4. .
4.1. , .
4.2. .
4.3. .
5. .
5.1. , .
5.2. , .
5.3. .
5.4. .
6. .
6.1. .
6.2. .
6.3. .
I
,
( ),
( ).
.
0, 1,
2,..., 6 ( ). 4
- 0.18-0.27%, 0.4-0.7%.
, , .
,
.
(() ((0.2) ((,(). 3
(=380(490, (0.2=210(250, (=25(22%.
: , , , , , .
,
.
.
5 6
, .
.
S<=0.04%, P<=0.035(0.04%,
.
08, 10, 15,..., 85,
.
(<0.25%) 05, 08, 07, 10, 10
. (=330(340,
(0.2=230(280, (=33(31%.
,
, ,
.
(0.3-0.5% ) 30, 35,..., 55
,
.
((=500(600, (0.2=300(360,( =21(16%).
, .
(0.6-0.85% ) 60, 65,..., 85
, .
, , ,
..
, ,
,
.
.
,
2.5%, , 2.5-10% -
, 10% (
45%).
, - .
.
, ,
,
. , 1224 0.12% ,
2% Cr, 4% Ni ,
((.
, 0.22%
:
1.8% Mn, 1,2% Si, 0,8% Cr .
092, 09, 17, 1021, 142, 15,
10 . ,
,
.
.
17
((0.2=360, (=520).
.
52 - (=50, (0.2=300, (=19%.
(/(0.2
0.5-0.65 ( 40%. ,
. , , ,
.
08, 08
(0.02-0.04% V) 08 (0.02-0.07% Al).
() ()
, ,
(0.15-0.25% ) .
,
.
15, 20
, 1.0-1.5.
., ,
.
20 - (=800, (0.2=650, (=11%, (=40%.
. (0.1-0.2%)
( 20). ,
.
.
,
. ,
.
1224 - (=1150, (0.2=950, (=10%, (=50%.
.
.
,
18 25.
25 - (=1200, (0.2=1100, (=10%, (=45%.
.
.
20, 19 14.
.
152 - (=950, (0.2=750, (=11%, (=55%.
, . ,
.
, ,
20, 20.
20 - (=1300, (0.2=1200, (=10%, (=09%.
()
,
, ,
,
. ,
.
,
-
,
1.
30, 38, 40 50
.
, .
.
30 - (=900, (0.2=700, (=12%, (=45%.
. (0.9-1.2%)
(0.9-1.2%)
(40).
, ( 20
-60(),
.
40 - (=1000, (0.2=800, (=11%, (=45%.
.
(). 20, 25 30
.
().
.
30 - (=1100, (0.2=850, (=10%, (=45%.
,
.
,
.
40 - (=1000, (0.2=800, (=11%, (=45%.
.
,
,
(402) .
402 - (=1100, (0.2=950, (=12%, (=50%.
,
.
.
.
.
383 - (=1200, (0.2=1100, (=12%, (=50%.
12, 20, 40,
(0.08-0.3%), (<=0.05%)
(0.7-1.0%). 40 1.2-1.55% Mn.
, , ,
.
,
, .
- .
-
-
1895 (<=0.03% , ~18% Ni, ~9% Co, ~5% Mo, ~0.6 Ti).
1895
- : 12832, 10112 ((=1400(1500),
12842, 9122 ((=1600(1800), KCU=0.35(0.6 /2,
(0.2=1800(2000. -
(0.002=1500.
- ,
, ,
, .. .
(- -)
-
-. 8-14% Cr, 8-32% Ni, 0.5-2.5% Mn, 2-6%
Mo, 2% Si (3098422 252541).
-: (=1500(1700, (0.2=1400(1550,
(=50(60%.
.
- ,
, .
, , ,
.
-
- ,
.
,
.
65, 70,75, 85.
85 - (0.2=1100, (=1150, (=8%, (=30%.
.
602 652, ,
. 652 - (0.2=1700,
(=1900, (=5%, (=20%.
, 6022.
50,
.
50,
.
.
15 (0.95-1.0%
1.3-1.65% Cr), - 15
(0.95-1.05% , 0.9-1.2% Cr, 0.4-0.65% Si 1.3-1.65% Mn),
. ,
.
, .
.
,
, 2024 18.
, ,
2024 58-62 HRC
35-45 HRC.
,
,
11013, 0.9-1.3% 11,5-14.5% Mn.
: (0.2=250(350, (=800(1000, (=35(45%,
(=40(50%.
11013
.
11013 .
,
,
,
301010, 01412 01412,
.
-
.
, ,
. . ,
(Cr, Fe)2O3, (Al, Fe)2O3.
,
(1217, 1525
.) (202313, 1225167, 3618252 .) ,
.
1217 - (=520, (0.2=350, (=30%, (=75%.
- .
1213 2013
, (
, ), ,
( ,
).
3013 4013 , ,
. .
1525 1528
,
,
-20(.
121810
( ).
1213 - (=750, (0.2=500, (=20%, (=65%.
- .
0440
.
, ,
, 70.
Ni-Mo
.
, ,
70.
65
, , ,
.
70 - (=950, (0.2=480, (=50%.
(
, , , .),
. - (092,
16, 12, 10) (3) -
1-6 -
(081810, 1017132, 0813) (16, 70).
65 - (=1000, (0.2=600, (=50%.
.
.
,
. ,
-196(, 6-7% Ni (6) 8.5-9.5% Ni
(9), .
-196(.
1014144 - (=620, (0.2=280, (=45%, (=60%.
,
.
, , , . .,
.
, 500-750(.
(12, 15, 18, 22,
121): (=360(490, (0.2=220(280, (=24(19%.
, .
- (1511, 4092,
40102)
.
(101812, 0815244, 0914182)
.
( ,
, . .).
70,
700-800(.
.
,
. 8, 10, 11,12,
13
,
.
10, 11, 12, 13 (,
, , , . .).
7 8.
, (10-12 -
62-63HRC) 190-200(.
,
(11, 13, , 9, , 2)
((=500(600) (
5-8/). ,
200-250(.
.
- 0.95-1% , 0.15-0.4% Mn, 0.15-0.35% Si, 1.3-1.65% Cr,
64-65HRC.
(65, 123, 836, 9, 83, 85)
,
,
.
, ,
.
18 - 0.7-0.8% , 3.8-4.4% Cr, 17.5-19% W, 1-1.4% V, 0.5-1% Mo.
(121, ) , ,
.
63-64HRC.
, ,
15, 15.
(121, 12, 6, 653, 72)
, ,
, .
.
72 - 0.68-0.76% , 1.5-1.8% Cr, 0.1-0.25% V, 59-60HRC.
(5, 5, 43, 452, 328, 425)
( )
,
.
5 500(: (=900,
(0.2=650, (=20-22%, (=70%.
(3, 6, 10, 304, 156, 512, 712,
86, 209),
(WC, TiC, TaC),
.
8
, , , .
10, 15
. (304)
(156, 510) , ,
92-87HRC.
-
.
1% ,
(3%) 3, ,
55, 9152.
.
, ,
, .
15 18-19% Ni, 8.5-9.5% Al, 14-15% Co, 3-4% Cu.
- ( ) (1212, 1311, 1511, 2011,
2013, 2211, 2312, 2412, 3415, 3416, 79, 81)
.
,
.
(17189, 121810, 55993, 401492,
4014932 .) , ,
.
(150-350),
.
( )
,
. .
- :
(Fe81Si3.5B13.5C2)
;
(Co66Fe4(Mo, Si, B)30),
, ,
;
(Fe40Ni40P14B6)
,
.
-
.
.
Fe-Ni,
( -100 100( 36%
,
. 600-700(
, .
,
.
, ,
18 18.
(
),
().
,
: Ni-Al, Ni-Co, Ni-Ti, Cu-Al, Cu-Al-Ni .
NiTi,
. NiTi
.
((=770(1100, (=300(500),
((=100(15%),
.
.
: Nb,
Mo, Cr, Ta W.
, ,
,
1500-2000(.
.
, ,
. -
.
2 - t=1200(C, (=850.
3 - t=1200(, (=500, (100=180.
2 - t=1200(, (=130, (100=80.
- . (1668(5)(.
: 882( (-
( 4.505/3),
=0.2951 =0.4684 (/=1.587),
- (- ( 900( 4.32/3), ,
=0.3282. :
1-00, 1-0.
,
. Fe, Al, Mn, Cr, Sn, V, Si
((, (0.2), ((()
(KCU). Al, Zr, Mo,
- Mo, Zr, Nb, Ta Pd.
. ,
.
14 (Al - 5.5%, V - 1.2%, Mo - 3.0%) - (=900-1050, (=10%,
KCU=0.5/2, (-1=400.
- - . 600(.
=0.4041.
-
2.7/3 7.8/3 8.94/3 .
, 65%
.
: 999 (99.999% Al); : 995 (99.995% Al), 99,
97, 95 : 85, 8, 7, 6, 5, 0 (99.0% Al).
, , ,
1.
Al-Cu, Al-Si, Al-Mg, Al-Cu-Mg
.
,
(, , . .),
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,
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,
, ,
.
,
. Al-Cu-Mg,
. 1.
,
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16 , ,
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16 - (0.2=400, (=540, (=11%.
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.
( )
.
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(, ..),
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.
- (0.2=200, (=260, (=15%.
.
550-700, , .
95.
,
.
.
. 95
,
, t<=100(120(.
95
.
95 - (0.2=530-550, (=560-600, (=8%.
.
,
.
6 ,
.
8 .
8 - (0.2=300, (=480, (=10%.
. ,
300(.
, .
, .
20 - (0.2=250, (=400, (=12%.
,
.
.
,
. .
(, 2, 3)
,
.
3 - (=220, (0.2=110, (=20%.
,
,
,
.
Al-Si (). ,
- . Al-Si (2, 4, 9)
.
.
9 - (=200, (0.2=140, (=5%.
Al-Cu. (7, 19)
. .
7 ,
.
7 - (=240,(0.2=160, (=7%.
Al-Mg. .
,
.
8, 27, 13 22 ,
, , .
8 - (=350, (0.2=170, (=10%.
. 1,
, ,
275-300(.
1 - (=260, (0.2=200, (=0.6%.
- - .
(1.74/3).
650(. .
90, 95 96.
: (=115, (0.2=25, (=8%, 30.
.
.
, ,
,
.
43000 .
. 5,
.
.
6 , 5,
.
5 - (=226, (0.2=85, (=5%.
.
, , , .
1 ,
.
2-1 ,
, ,
.
1 - (=190-220, (0.2=120-140, (=5-10%.
- , .
1083(. . 8.94/3.
.
: 00, 0, 1,
2, 3.
.
, ,
- .
: 1) -
; 2) - .
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.
.
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(06 90). 62,
60,59 ,
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40 - (=215, (=12%, 70.
.
.
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.
3125 - (=200, (=5%.
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.
(=60(120.
. 10-5
9.5-1.5, 0.03-0.06% Mg.
, ..;
10-5
.
() .
, .
3-1 9-2
10. 20-1 -2.5
. -2.5
.
( Al, Mg,
Ni ), (
) ,
(- ).
.
( 50-100%), ,
(/()
.
.
- (-1) - (=1300, (-1=60,
=220, (/(=500, /(=84.6.
- .
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0.75-0.8.
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(-2, -2-4, -2, 582-2
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-1 200(.
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-1 - 1.4/3, 8.6*103,
50/2.
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200(.
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-1 - 2.0/3, 10.7*103,
78/2.
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, -
.
, - , ,
.
- , , , .
- . .
, , -
, .
- 910-920/3, 24-34,
600-800%, 80-130(.
- .
.
- 900-920/3, 13-16,
500-600%, 80-150(.
- (-10, -30, -50) -
.
- 919-920/3, 19-32,
500-800%, 80-130(.
- .
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- 910-920/3, 31.5,
600-800%, 130(.
,
.
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- 1225/3, 20-26.5,
450-550%, 100-130(.
- (-18, -26, -40).
, , ,
.
- 943-986/3, 22-33,
450-700%, 100-177(.
.
- .
, ,
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- 1700-2000/3, 35-80,
360%, 250-325(.
,
.
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- .
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(-32-200, -3, -4, -13 .).
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15-20.
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.
- 1950-2200/3, 1.5%,
112/70.
-
.
(500-2000),
(30-90) (50-150).
.
,
.
.
; .
.
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900-1000(, .
1300-1700( (
).
.. , .. . . .:((, 1990
.. , . .
. , , 1996