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Свойства машиностроительных материалов















: .., 96

: ..

, 1998



(

1. .

1.1. .

1.2. .

1.3. .

1.4. .

1.5. .

1.6. ()
() .

1.7. () .

1.8. .

1.9. - .

1.10. (- -)

1.11. - .

1.12. .

1.13. .

1.14. - .

1.15. .

1.16. .

2. .

2.1. .

2.2. .

2.3. .

2.4. .

2.5. .

3. .

3.1. .

3.2. ( ).

3.3.
.

3.4. .

3.5. .

4. .

5. .

5.1. .

5.2. .

6. .

6.1. .

6.2. .

6.3. ,
.

6.4. ,
.

6.5. .

7. .

7.1. .

7.2. .

8. .

8.1. .

8.2. .

9. () , ,
.

10. .

11. .

((

1. .

1.1. .

2. .

2.1. , .

2.2. .

2.3. .

2.4. .

3. .

3.1. , .

3.2. .

3.3. .

3.4. .

4. .

4.1. , .

4.2. .

4.3. .

5. .

5.1. , .

5.2. , .

5.3. .

5.4. .

6. .

6.1. .

6.2. .

6.3. .



I



,
( ),
( ).




.

0, 1,
2,..., 6 ( ). 4
- 0.18-0.27%, 0.4-0.7%.

, , .
,
.


(() ((0.2) ((,(). 3
(=380(490, (0.2=210(250, (=25(22%.


: , , , , , .
,
.

.
5 6
, .


.
S<=0.04%, P<=0.035(0.04%,
.

08, 10, 15,..., 85,
.

(<0.25%) 05, 08, 07, 10, 10
. (=330(340,
(0.2=230(280, (=33(31%.

,
, ,
.

(0.3-0.5% ) 30, 35,..., 55
,
.

((=500(600, (0.2=300(360,( =21(16%).

, .

(0.6-0.85% ) 60, 65,..., 85
, .
, , ,
..




, ,
,
.
.

,
2.5%, , 2.5-10% -
, 10% (
45%).


, - .

.
, ,
,
. , 1224 0.12% ,
2% Cr, 4% Ni ,
((.



, 0.22%
:
1.8% Mn, 1,2% Si, 0,8% Cr .

092, 09, 17, 1021, 142, 15,
10 . ,
,
.
.

17
((0.2=360, (=520).





.

52 - (=50, (0.2=300, (=19%.



(/(0.2
0.5-0.65 ( 40%. ,
. , , ,
.
08, 08
(0.02-0.04% V) 08 (0.02-0.07% Al).

() ()


, ,
(0.15-0.25% ) .
,
.

15, 20
, 1.0-1.5.


., ,
.

20 - (=800, (0.2=650, (=11%, (=40%.

. (0.1-0.2%)
( 20). ,
.
.


,
. ,
.



1224 - (=1150, (0.2=950, (=10%, (=50%.


.
.

,
18 25.

25 - (=1200, (0.2=1100, (=10%, (=45%.

.

.

20, 19 14.

.

152 - (=950, (0.2=750, (=11%, (=55%.

, . ,
.

, ,
20, 20.

20 - (=1300, (0.2=1200, (=10%, (=09%.



()

,
, ,
,
. ,
.

,
-
,
1.

30, 38, 40 50
.
, .
.

30 - (=900, (0.2=700, (=12%, (=45%.

. (0.9-1.2%)
(0.9-1.2%)
(40).
, ( 20
-60(),
.

40 - (=1000, (0.2=800, (=11%, (=45%.

.
(). 20, 25 30
.

().
.

30 - (=1100, (0.2=850, (=10%, (=45%.

,
.
,
.

40 - (=1000, (0.2=800, (=11%, (=45%.

.
,

,
(402) .

402 - (=1100, (0.2=950, (=12%, (=50%.

,
.
.

.
.

383 - (=1200, (0.2=1100, (=12%, (=50%.



12, 20, 40,
(0.08-0.3%), (<=0.05%)
(0.7-1.0%). 40 1.2-1.55% Mn.

, , ,
.

,
, .

- .

-

-
1895 (<=0.03% , ~18% Ni, ~9% Co, ~5% Mo, ~0.6 Ti).

1895
- : 12832, 10112 ((=1400(1500),
12842, 9122 ((=1600(1800), KCU=0.35(0.6 /2,
(0.2=1800(2000. -
(0.002=1500.

- ,
, ,
, .. .



(- -)

-
-. 8-14% Cr, 8-32% Ni, 0.5-2.5% Mn, 2-6%
Mo, 2% Si (3098422 252541).

-: (=1500(1700, (0.2=1400(1550,
(=50(60%.
.

- ,

, .
, , ,
.

-

- ,
.
,
.

65, 70,75, 85.
85 - (0.2=1100, (=1150, (=8%, (=30%.


.

602 652, ,

. 652 - (0.2=1700,
(=1900, (=5%, (=20%.
, 6022.

50,
.
50,
.

.


15 (0.95-1.0%
1.3-1.65% Cr), - 15
(0.95-1.05% , 0.9-1.2% Cr, 0.4-0.65% Si 1.3-1.65% Mn),
. ,
.

, .
.

,
, 2024 18.
, ,
2024 58-62 HRC
35-45 HRC.



,
,
11013, 0.9-1.3% 11,5-14.5% Mn.
: (0.2=250(350, (=800(1000, (=35(45%,
(=40(50%.

11013
.

11013 .

,
,
,
301010, 01412 01412,
.

-

.
, ,
. . ,
(Cr, Fe)2O3, (Al, Fe)2O3.

,
(1217, 1525
.) (202313, 1225167, 3618252 .) ,
.

1217 - (=520, (0.2=350, (=30%, (=75%.

- .

1213 2013
, (
, ), ,
( ,
).

3013 4013 , ,
. .

1525 1528
,
,
-20(.

121810
( ).

1213 - (=750, (0.2=500, (=20%, (=65%.

- .
0440
.

, ,
, 70.
Ni-Mo
.

, ,
70.

65
, , ,
.

70 - (=950, (0.2=480, (=50%.

(
, , , .),
. - (092,
16, 12, 10) (3) -
1-6 -
(081810, 1017132, 0813) (16, 70).

65 - (=1000, (0.2=600, (=50%.





.
.
,
. ,
-196(, 6-7% Ni (6) 8.5-9.5% Ni
(9), .



-196(.

1014144 - (=620, (0.2=280, (=45%, (=60%.



,

.


, , , . .,
.


, 500-750(.

(12, 15, 18, 22,
121): (=360(490, (0.2=220(280, (=24(19%.
, .

- (1511, 4092,
40102)
.

(101812, 0815244, 0914182)

.


( ,
, . .).

70,
700-800(.

.





,
. 8, 10, 11,12,
13
,
.

10, 11, 12, 13 (,
, , , . .).
7 8.


, (10-12 -
62-63HRC) 190-200(.

,
(11, 13, , 9, , 2)
((=500(600) (
5-8/). ,
200-250(.
.

- 0.95-1% , 0.15-0.4% Mn, 0.15-0.35% Si, 1.3-1.65% Cr,
64-65HRC.

(65, 123, 836, 9, 83, 85)

,
,
.

, ,
.

18 - 0.7-0.8% , 3.8-4.4% Cr, 17.5-19% W, 1-1.4% V, 0.5-1% Mo.



(121, ) , ,
.
63-64HRC.

, ,
15, 15.



(121, 12, 6, 653, 72)
, ,
, .


.

72 - 0.68-0.76% , 1.5-1.8% Cr, 0.1-0.25% V, 59-60HRC.



(5, 5, 43, 452, 328, 425)
( )
,
.

5 500(: (=900,
(0.2=650, (=20-22%, (=70%.



(3, 6, 10, 304, 156, 512, 712,
86, 209),
(WC, TiC, TaC),
.

8
, , , .
10, 15
. (304)
(156, 510) , ,
92-87HRC.





-
.

1% ,
(3%) 3, ,
55, 9152.


.
, ,
, .

15 18-19% Ni, 8.5-9.5% Al, 14-15% Co, 3-4% Cu.

- ( ) (1212, 1311, 1511, 2011,
2013, 2211, 2312, 2412, 3415, 3416, 79, 81)
.
,
.

(17189, 121810, 55993, 401492,
4014932 .) , ,
.

(150-350),
.

( )

,
. .

- :

(Fe81Si3.5B13.5C2)
;

(Co66Fe4(Mo, Si, B)30),
, ,
;

(Fe40Ni40P14B6)
,
.

-
.





.
Fe-Ni,
( -100 100( 36%
,
. 600-700(

, .
,
.

, ,
18 18.




(
),
().


,
: Ni-Al, Ni-Co, Ni-Ti, Cu-Al, Cu-Al-Ni .

NiTi,
. NiTi
.
((=770(1100, (=300(500),
((=100(15%),
.
.



: Nb,
Mo, Cr, Ta W.

, ,
,
1500-2000(.

.

, ,
. -
.

2 - t=1200(C, (=850.

3 - t=1200(, (=500, (100=180.

2 - t=1200(, (=130, (100=80.





- . (1668(5)(.
: 882( (-
( 4.505/3),
=0.2951 =0.4684 (/=1.587),
- (- ( 900( 4.32/3), ,
=0.3282. :
1-00, 1-0.



,
. Fe, Al, Mn, Cr, Sn, V, Si
((, (0.2), ((()
(KCU). Al, Zr, Mo,
- Mo, Zr, Nb, Ta Pd.
. ,
.

14 (Al - 5.5%, V - 1.2%, Mo - 3.0%) - (=900-1050, (=10%,
KCU=0.5/2, (-1=400.





- - . 600(.
=0.4041.
-
2.7/3 7.8/3 8.94/3 .
, 65%
.
: 999 (99.999% Al); : 995 (99.995% Al), 99,
97, 95 : 85, 8, 7, 6, 5, 0 (99.0% Al).

, , ,
1.





Al-Cu, Al-Si, Al-Mg, Al-Cu-Mg
.

,
(, , . .),
, ,
, , .

,
, , ,
,
, ,
.

,



. Al-Cu-Mg,
. 1.

,
,
.

, ,
, .. .

16 , ,
, , ,
..

16 - (0.2=400, (=540, (=11%.

(). ,
.
( )
.
, .

(, ..),
, ,
, , , ,
,
.

- (0.2=200, (=260, (=15%.

.
550-700, , .
95.

,
.
.

. 95
,
, t<=100(120(.
95
.

95 - (0.2=530-550, (=560-600, (=8%.

.
,
.

6 ,
.
8 .

8 - (0.2=300, (=480, (=10%.

. ,
300(.
, .
, .

20 - (0.2=250, (=400, (=12%.

,



.

.

,
. .

(, 2, 3)
,
.

3 - (=220, (0.2=110, (=20%.



,
,
,
.

Al-Si (). ,
- . Al-Si (2, 4, 9)
.
.

9 - (=200, (0.2=140, (=5%.

Al-Cu. (7, 19)

. .

7 ,
.

7 - (=240,(0.2=160, (=7%.

Al-Mg. .
,
.

8, 27, 13 22 ,
, , .

8 - (=350, (0.2=170, (=10%.

. 1,
, ,
275-300(.

1 - (=260, (0.2=200, (=0.6%.





- - .
(1.74/3).
650(. .
90, 95 96.
: (=115, (0.2=25, (=8%, 30.
.
.



, ,
,
.
43000 .

. 5,
.
.

6 , 5,
.

5 - (=226, (0.2=85, (=5%.

.
, , , .

1 ,
.

2-1 ,
, ,
.

1 - (=190-220, (0.2=120-140, (=5-10%.





- , .
1083(. . 8.94/3.
.
: 00, 0, 1,
2, 3.
.

, ,
- .



: 1) -
; 2) - .
,
.

.
, .

,
(06 90). 62,
60,59 ,
, , .

40 - (=215, (=12%, 70.

.
.
.
.

3125 - (=200, (=5%.

() , ,
.

.
, ,
,
.

, ,

.

.
, ,
, .
.

(=60(120.

. 10-5
9.5-1.5, 0.03-0.06% Mg.
, ..;
10-5
.

() .
, .

3-1 9-2
10. 20-1 -2.5

. -2.5
.



( Al, Mg,
Ni ), (
) ,
(- ).

.

( 50-100%), ,
(/()
.
.

- (-1) - (=1300, (-1=60,
=220, (/(=500, /(=84.6.

- .
-
, ,
.

, ,
,
.



,


0.75-0.8.

,
,
. -11.

(-2, -2-4, -2, 582-2
.) .


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( -10 -20(.

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415(.
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,
()
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.

-1, ,
-1 200(.


, - .

-1 - 1.4/3, 8.6*103,
50/2.



-
. ,
, , .

-1 -1
200(.

.

-1 - 2.0/3, 10.7*103,
78/2.



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;
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()
.


, -
.
, - , ,
.




- , , , .

- . .
, , -
, .

- 910-920/3, 24-34,
600-800%, 80-130(.

- .
.

- 900-920/3, 13-16,
500-600%, 80-150(.

- (-10, -30, -50) -
.

- 919-920/3, 19-32,
500-800%, 80-130(.

- .
, , , .

- 910-920/3, 31.5,
600-800%, 130(.



,
.

, ,
, , .

- 1225/3, 20-26.5,
450-550%, 100-130(.

- (-18, -26, -40).
, , ,
.

- 943-986/3, 22-33,
450-700%, 100-177(.

.

- .
, ,
, .

- 1700-2000/3, 35-80,
360%, 250-325(.

,
.

.






.

, ,
- .
, .



.
,
.

.

, .


(-32-200, -3, -4, -13 .).

.
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.

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.


. , ,

15-20.

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, , .



,
, ,
, , .


, , .
, , . .

;
,
;
.





.
.

.
, .

.

.

- 1950-2200/3, 1.5%,
112/70.




-
.


(500-2000),
(30-90) (50-150).
.



,
.

.

; .
.
, , .

. .

900-1000(, .
1300-1700( (
).



.. , .. . . .:((, 1990

.. , . .
. , , 1996


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