Linux
Linux -
, . Linux
UNIX- ,
Intel 80386, 80486 Pentium.
:
- Intel 80386 DX 40MHz/4Mb(RAM)/80Mb(HDD);
- Pentium 100MHz/16Mb/540Mb;
- Pentium 133MHz/32Mb/1Gb.
Linux TeX X
Windows, GNU C/C++, TCP/IP.
UNIX,
GNU.
Linux
. Linux ,
, ,
, ..
UNIX -
, .
70- ,
,
. UNIX
, , ,
Cray Y-MP.
Linux - UNIX,
(Linus Torvalds). Linux
UNIX- Internet, ,
. Linux
AT&T - ,
Linux GNU Free
Software Foundation Cambridge, Massachusetts.
.
Linux 0.01
. 0.01
:
, Minix-,
.
5- 1991 "" Linux,
0.02.
. - .
, , . .
. , Linux-
" " -
.
0.03 0.10,
.
,
0.95, ,
"" . 1992 .
- 1993 Linux
0.99.pl14 - 1.0.
- 1.2.
Linux - UNIX,
X Windows, TCP/IP, Emacs, UUCP, mail USENET.
Linux, .. Linux
.
.
Linux 486- ,
Sun Microsystems Digital Equipment Corporation.
Linux -
( UNIX). Linux
,
IEEE POSIX.1, System V BSD.
.
Linux
POSIX ( , csh bash),
(pty),
.
387-FPU,
, (..
).
Linux .
, ext2fs,
Linux.
, Minix-1 Xenix.
MS-DOS, MS-DOS .
ISO 9660 CD-ROM
CD-ROM.
Linux TCP/IP .
TCP/IP, FTP,
telnet, NNTP SMTP.
Linux
Intel 80386 80486. , Linux
.
Linux
: 256
" " (swap space). (Swap space
, Linux ,
, ).
,
.
.
,
, .
.
, , .
,
..
, (,
SunOS).
, ,
.
,
"" ,
. Linux
,
.
Linux
, "" Linux.
,
. ftp- Internet, BBS,
CD-ROM.
Linux Slackware.
Linux Internet
Internet, Linux -
FTP. Internet,
Linux ftpmail .
.
,
. , ,
RAWRITE.EXE MS-DOS.
, .
UNIX- ,
dd .
, dd of=/dev/rfd0 if=foo bs=18k''
foo Sun-.
RAWRITE.EXE Linux FTP-,
sunsite.unc.edu, /pub/Linux/system/Install/rawrite
RAWRITE.EXE , .
"boot"-
. , ,
MS-DOS
. ,
TCP/IP.
.
Linux MS-DOS.
, Linux Slackware
RAWRITE.EXE boot root.
MS-DOS MS-DOS COPY.
MS-DOS.
RAWRITE.EXE, MS-DOS
.
, FTP, README,
, .
Linux
( FTP- "binary").
, CompuServe Prodigy,
. ,
BBS, Linux.
Internet BBS, Linux
, , .
Linux US$30 - US$150,
.
Slackware
Slackware - Linux, Patrick
Volkerding. Patrick Volkerding Internet:
volkerdi@mhd1.moorhead.msus.edu.
.
Internet, CD-ROM .
Slackware " " (disk sets''),
(, "d"
development tools,
gcc-, "x", X Window System).
, ;
.
Slackware, - 2.0.0, 25 1994.
.
Slackware
, Slackware
. 7
"A"; -
2 2.5 .
:
A
.
elvis comm (elvis - , comm -
). 1.0.9
(FSSTND). 1.2M,
,
.
AP
, , groff, ispell
(GNU and international versions), term, joe, jove, ghostscript, sc, bc,
quota patches.
D
. GCC/G++/Objective C 2.5.8, make (GNU BSD), byacc
GNU bison, flex, the 4.5.26 C libraries, gdb, kernel source for 1.0.9,
SVGAlib, ncurses, clisp, f2c, p2c, m4, perl, rcs.
E
GNU Emacs 19.25.
F
(FAQS) .
I
Info- GNU-. ,
info Emacs.
N
. TCP/IP, UUCP, mailx, dip, deliver, elm,
pine, smail, cnews, nn, tin, trn.
OOP
- . GNU Smalltalk 1.1.1
Smalltalk Interface to X (STIX).
Q
Alpha- ( - Linux 1.1.18).
TCL
Tcl, Tk, TclX, blt, itcl.
Y
. BSD Tetris .
X
XFree86 2.1.1 libXpm, fvwm 1.20 xlock.
XAP
X-: X11 ghostscript, libgr13, seyon, workman,
xfilemanager, xv 3.01, GNU chess xboard, xfm 1.2, ghostview,
X-.
XD
X11. X11 , linkkit,
PEX.
XV
Xview 3.2 release 5. XView ,
Open Look window-.
IV
Interviews , include-, doc idraw .
OI
ParcPlace's Object Builder 2.0 Object Interface Library 4.0.
, libc-4.4.4,
, gcc 2.5.9.
T
TeX LaTeX.
"A", .
A, AP D, X,
X Window System.
Slackware Internet
Slackware Linux FTP- .
Linux FTP-: sunsite.unc.edu tsx-11.mit.edu.
Slackware :
* sunsite.unc.edu:/pub/Linux/distributions/slackware
* tsx-11.mit.edu:/pub/linux/packages/slackware
* ftp.cdrom.com:/pub/linux/slackware
ftp.cdrom.com - Slackware.
, FTP,
.
* README, SLACKWARE_FAQ.
* bootdisk. ,
Slackware.
1.44 (3.5"), bootdsks.144.
1.2 (5.25"), bootdsks.12.
bootdisk.
+ bare.gz. ,
IDE. ( SCSI, CD-ROM ). ,
IDE ,
CD-ROM .
+ cdu31a.gz. IDE, SCSI Sony CDU31A/33A.
+ mitsumi.gz. IDE, SCSI Mitsumi CD-ROM
+ modern.gz.
CD-ROM , Sony 535.
+ net.gz. CD-ROM IDE .
+ sbpcd.gz. CD-ROM IDE, SCSI SoundBlaster
Pro/Panasonic.
+ scsi.gz. CD-ROM IDE, SCSI SCSI
+ scsinet.gz. CD-ROM IDE, SCSI, SCSI.
+ sony535.gz. CD-ROM IDE, SCSI Sony 535/531
+ xt.gz. CD-ROM IDE XT.
. . ,
,
.
scsi.gz bare.gz.
* root-. ,
Slackware.
rootdsks.144 rootdsks.12 ,
. :
+ color144.gz. 1.44,
.
+ umsds144.gz. color144
UMSDOS, Linux
MS-DOS.
, .
.
+ tty144.gz. , ,
1.44M. color144.gz .
+ colrlite.gz. , ,
1.2M.
+ umsds12.gz. colrlite
UMSDOS. umsds144.gz.
+ tty12.gz , ,
1.2M. , 1.2M
colrlite.gz .
root, .
* GZIP.EXE. MS-DOS , gzip,
boot root ( ".gz"
). install.
* RAWRITE.EXE. MS-DOS ,
(, boot root) , .
RAWRITE.EXE boot root.
.
boot root MS-DOS,
RAWRITE.EXE GZIP.EXE.
UNIX- , ,
dd. dd
UNIX.
* slakwarea1/,slakwarea2/ slakwarea3/.
``A'' Slackware. ,
. FTP
``mget *'' ``mget *.*''.
* ap1, ap2 ..
. , ``X'',
x1 x5. ``A'',
, .
Slackware CD-ROM
Slackware CD-ROM. CD-ROM
Slackware ,
FTP-. boot root ,
CD-ROM.
Slackware .
- MS-DOS ;
MS-DOS,
, .
Slackware CD-ROM,
. Slackware Pro Morse Telecommunications
Slackware ,
CD-ROM. ,
.
boot root
boot root,
boot- root-, ( CD-ROM),
. MS-DOS
boot- root-, GZIP.EXE. ,
boot - bare.gz, MS-DOS: C:\>
GZIP -D BARE.GZ bare.gz
bare. CD-ROM,
bootdisk (, bare.gz) GZIP.EXE
CD-ROM .
root. ,
root- color144.gz, : C:\> GZIP -D
COLOR144.GZ color144.
, high-density ,
MS-DOS. ( ; boot- 3.5",
high-density 3.5"). boot
root RAWRITE.EXE . :C:\>
RAWRITE
(, bare
color144) ( A:). RAWRITE
. RAWRITE
root-. , :
boot-, root-. ,
MS-DOS ( , ,
Linux-'').
, MS-DOS
Slackware. MS-DOS boot
root , (
MS-DOS ).
MS-DOS,
, .
GZIP.EXE RAWRITE.EXE MS-DOS
boot root. gzip
dd UNIX . ( , ,
UNIX- ). , Sun
/dev/rfd0 :
$ gunzip bare.gz
$ dd if=bare of=/dev/rfd0 obs=18k
(obs),
( Sun) .
Slackware (
, , ),
MS-DOS. : Slackware
MS-DOS,
DoubleSpace, Stacker - MS-DOS.
Linux MS-DOS- DoubleSpace/Stacker. (
MS-DOS Emulator,
Linux).
Slackware. ,
C:\> MKDIR SLACKWAR
C:\SLACKWAR Slackware.
, MKDIR, A1, A2
.. . 1
SLACKWAR\A1 ..
Slackware , ,
, MS-DOS,
Slackware, .
high-density. A ( A1 - A3)
3.5", 5.25".
3.5". , 5.25",
- 3.5",
( A) .
, . , ,
Slackware
MS-DOS , MS-DOS - COPY:
C:\> COPY A1\*.* A:
A1 A:.
.
- ;
MS-DOS.
Slackware .
CD-ROM.
Slackware CD-ROM, ,
boot root.
CD.
Linux
, Linux,
. ,
.
, Linux.
Linux ,
:
1. () ().
,
, Linux.
2. Linux.
- - (boot)
, .
,
.
3. Linux.
Linux, Linux.
Linux fdisk.
4. .
. , ,
Linux.
5. Linux () ()
(). ,
.
Linux ,
.
,
. ,
: , ,
MS-DOS, OS/2 Linux.
,
, Linux.
Linux
.
MS-DOS ,
. MS-DOS , C:.
, MS-DOS D:, E: ..
.
master boot record
. boot record ( )
.
.
: ,
(primary, extended logical).
. , - ,
.
, .
.
. ,
, .
Linux
UNIX ,
( , CD-ROM
), .
; ,
/usr,
/tmp .. -
, /.
Linux "" .
, / /usr,
.
, Linux,
Linux.
( ),
, Linux. Linux
, ()
, .
.
Linux, .
-, ,
.
RAM . -, ,
.
Linux :
. ,
, .
Linux, 16M RAM,
.
Linux
, , Linux,
. :
* Linux;
* fdisk Linux ;
* mke2fs mkswap Linux
;
* Linux;
* , boot- LILO ,
Linux-.
, ,
Linux.
Linux
- Linux.
, Linux-.
' - ,
.
login.
root .
, ,
Linux.
Slackware, , ,
, ,
.
Linux ,
,
.
. - ,
.
, :
ramdisk
: .
hd=,, ,
IBM PS/1, ValuePoint ThinkPad.
tmc8xx=, IRQ -BIOS- Future
Domain TMC-8xx SCSI .
st0x=, IRQ -BIOS- Seagate ST02
.
t128=, IRQ -BIOS- Trantor
T128B .
ncr5380=,, , IRQ DMA
generic NCR5380 .
aha152x=,,,1 , IRQ SCSI ID
-BIOS- AIC-6260 . Adaptec 1510, 152x
Soundblaster-SCSI .
ramdisk ,
.
Linux
Linux
fdisk.
.
. Linux ,
. MS-DOS
A: B:, ,
C:, D:, .. Linux .
, /dev,
(, , ..)
Linux
Linux fdisk.
Linux
.
fdisk, fdisk ,
Linux, .
Linux , , fdisk
.
# fdisk /dev/hda
Command (m for help):
fdisk ; "m",
. n.
.
fdisk, , q.
fdisk
w.
, ,
. p.
,
.
, fdisk
"t" . ,
w, fdisk.
, fdisk
- .
,
.
. ' RAM,
, - '
.
Slackware ,
4M RAM . ,
Slackware
. , ,
; .
mkswap : mkswap -c
, - , -
. size of the partition, in blocks.
,
Linux 1024 .
,
mkswap .
. .
, Linux,
.
- swapon :
swapon
, Linux
, .
MS-DOS. Linux
.
( , ,
..). Linux "" ,
MS-DOS.
- Second Extended
Filesystem ext2fs. ext2fs -
. 256
4 (. : -
).
Slackware
.
.
,
. ,
Slackware fdisk,
, mkswap swapon (
RAM 4M ), setup. setup
'. setup .
.
Slackware setup
Slackware, (,
)
# setup
,
.
, ,
color144 colrlite;
.
setup :
Help
help- setup.
Keymap
, US-. keymaps
(
) ;
.
Quick
quick'' ()
verbose'' ( ). ``Verbose'' - ,
, ,
.
Make tags
Slackware
tag-.
.
Addswap
' (
Linux swap'' fdisk). ,
.
, mkswap
.
mkswap swapon ,
setup mkswap.
, .
, , .
mkswap swapon,
Addswap : ,
.
Target
,
Linux. ( Linux
native'' (" Linux" - fdisk)
Linux.
.
ext2fs.
,
MS-DOS.
,
Linux.
, .
Source
,
Slackware: ,
CD-ROM.
Disk sets
,
. ,
A.
Install
. .
normal.''
""
, .
,
.
.
, -
. ,
. ,
, ,
, .
,
CD-ROM; , CD- ROM , ..
Configure
-
.
LILO
-
Linux .
, Linux,
.
, Linux, ,
.
.
LILO
. LILO - ,
(master boot record) .
, MS-DOS Linux, ,
.
Slackware Configure setup
, LILO.
. Configure
, .
LILO ,
, ,
, ..
LILO ""
.
LILO
"" ( ,
). ,
Boot Manager OS/2,
LILO.
LILO Boot Manager,
.
,
LILO .
, Linux
. ,
Linux, .
Linux
, ,
TCP/IP, X Window System ..
,
. ,
, .
, Linux,
, .
, root
. (
, ).
,
,
"reset" ctrl-alt-del. Linux
ctrl-alt-del
shutdown. .
UNIX, Linux
.
, ""
, .
- shutdown.
,
( root):
# shutdown -r now
, ,
,
. , account (,
, , ()
). account - .
, , root
adduser ( useradd).
Linux ,
,
/etc/fstab,
.
.
,
.
, .
, (RAM)
. -
.
, ,
.
* .
,
. - ramdisk
.
``out of memory''
;
.
' ,
(disable) ramdisk.
* , ``permission denied''
( ) ``file not found''( )
. ,
.
* ``VFS: Unable to mount
root''. ,
.
, Linux
.
, ,
. ,
() ,
.
, .
IRQ ? IRQ
(IRQ - Interrupt ReQuest ),
, - .
, ,
.
,
IRQ. IRQ
(jumpers) .
IRQ, ,
, , .
, ,
IRQ
. , -
DMA (Direct Memory Access) ( ),
- (I/O) (shared memory
addresses). ,
.
IRQ DMA,
"" , .
,
IRQ DMA .
Device I/O- IRQ DMA
ttyS0 (COM1) 3f8 4 n/a
ttyS1 (COM2) 2f8 3 n/a
ttyS2 (COM3) 3e8 4 n/a
ttyS3 (COM4) 2e8 3 n/a
lp0 (LPT1) 378 - 37f 7 n/a
lp1 (LPT2) 278 - 27f 5 n/a
fd0, fd1 (floppies 1 and 2) 3f0 - 3f7 6 2
fd2, fd3 (floppies 3 and 4) 370 - 377 10 3
>R
N֣-lhm :
Linux , ,
: Console: colour EGA+ 80x25, 8 virtual consoles
Serial driver version 3.96 with no serial options enabled
tty00 at 0x03f8 (irq = 4) is a 16450
tty03 at 0x02e8 (irq = 3) is a 16550A
lp_init: lp1 exists (0), using polling driver
...
, .
: Partition check:
( ), .
- ,
.
:
* .
(IDE, SCSI ), ,
Linux,
.
* .
Linux,
.
* , .
-BIOS- SCSI-
.
* . ,
, IBM PS/ValuePoint,
CMOS, Linux . ,
SCSI- ,
, Linux .
. , ,
LILO , :
boot: linux hd=,,, ,
,
.
Linux LILO,
.
LILO,
.
, ,
Linux. :
* ``Read error''( ), ``file not
found''( )
.
.
MS-DOS, Linux
. ,
.
CD-ROM,
,
, .
,
.
* ``tar: read error'' (tar:
)
``gzip: not in gzip format''(gzip: gzip).
.
, ,
- .
* , ``device full''
( ) .
,
. ;
,
.
-
( mke2fs),
.
* , ``read_intr: 0x10''
.
. ,
mkswap mke2fs, ,
.
* , ``file not found''
``permission denied''. ,
Linux
( - ), ,
. ,
FTP : mget *.* Linux
FTP.
- , ,
.
Linux
Linux
Linux,
linux .
,
, ,
.
Linux
LILO,
Linux . ,
LILO,
, .
, LILO,
.
* ``Drive not bootable---Please insert system
disk.'' (" ---,
"). ,
- .
- . .
1. fdisk
, ``active''.
MS-DOS
(Linux ,
``active'' ).
MS-DOS FDISK
``active'' MS-DOS. ,
( MS-DOS 5.0 )
FDISK /MBR
MS-DOS,
LILO. MS-DOS,
Linux
LILO.
2. MS-DOS,
fdisk
Linux , .
MS-DOS,
FDISK MS-DOS. - ,
,
, fdisk.
3. LILO .
.
Linux, .
* MS-DOS (
) Linux.
, LILO
Linux. - LILO,
Linux,
LILO ,
.
Linux ( )
: linux login:
root
(, ) .
guest test.
Linux
. ,
. ,
.
- , .
.
- .
.
, .
, ( )
Linux
"".
,
"shell" - ( ``#'' ``$'').
, .
,
- ()
. : Shell-init: permission
denied, ( ,
, ``permission
denied''(" ")
, ).
"chmod",
. ,
,
Linux .
,
,
.
, .