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Алюминий.



- .
5,5-6,6 . % 8 . %.
.
,
Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O.
Al2O3.xH2O
Al2O3 AlF3.3NaF.

1827
. ,
, XIX
.


Al2O3 . Al2O3
,
. Al2O3 2050, -
1100. Al2O3,
10 .% Al2O3, 960
, ,
. AlF3, CaF2
MgF2 950.

,
. (),
, . :
- , .

Al2O3 = Al3+ + AlO33-

:

Al3+ + 3- = Al

, .
:

4AlO33- - 12- = 2Al2O3 + 3O2

.
.

,
. +13.
1s22s22p63s23p1. 0,143 , -
0,126 , Al3+ - 0,057 . Al -
Al+ 5,99 .

+3.
.
d-.
4 (AlCl4-, AlH4-,
), 6 (Al2O3,[Al(OH2)6]3+).

- .
, . ,
[Al(OH2)6]3+, -
[Al(OH)6]3-.

- -,
2,7 /3 (.. 660, . . ~2500).
.
,
( 0,6 ).
.

.

(0,00001 ),
,
.
(. HNO3, K2Cr2O7)
.

.

.
( 0,005 )
.

,

. - (94% Al, 4% Cu, 0,5% Mg,
Mn, Fe Si), (85 - 90% Al, 10 - 14% Sk, 0,1% Na) .
, -, -, -
,
.
.

, ,
.


. .
, -
.
. ,
.

.
,
:

2Al + 6H2O = 2Al(OH)3 + 3H2(

, HNO3 H2SO4
( ),
.
,
.


, - ,
:

Al2O3 + 2NaOH + 3H2O = 2Na[Al(OH)4]

, , ,
:

2Al + 6H2O = 2Al(OH)3 + 3H2(

,
:

Al(OH)3 + NaOH = Na[Al(OH)4]

:

2Al + 2NaOH + 6H2O = 2Na[Al(OH)4] + 3H2(

,
, , Na2CO3.

Mg Zn.
.


(1676 / Al2O3), ,
.
,
.
Al ()
(Cr, Mn, V, W .) .

,
. ()
Fe3O4.
Al BaO2. :

8Al + 3Fe3O4 = 4Al2O3 + 9Fe + 3350

3000.

, (. .
2050) . Al2O3 ( ),

.
Al2O3 (. . )
.


,
..

. Al2O3,
( - ).

- -
- - - .
,
, ,
.. , Cr2O3,
- ,
.

Al2O3
Al(OH)3 .
.
OH- [Al(OH2)6]3+
:

[Al(OH2)6]3+ + OH- = [Al(OH)(OH2)5]2+ + H2O

[Al(OH)(OH2)5]2+ + OH- = [Al(OH)2(OH2)4]+ + H2O

[Al(OH)2(OH2)4]+ + OH- = [Al(OH)3(OH2)3]0 + H2O

Al(OH)3 ,
,
. , , .
.
NH4OH .
-
.


:

NaOH + Al(OH)3 = Na[Al(OH)4]


,
. ,
,
( Al2O3
). ,
HAlO2.
.

Al(OH)3 .
, ,
.
.
, ,
.

Al3+
. :

[Al(OH2)6]3+ + H2O = [Al(OH)(OH2)5]2+ + OH3+

1.10-5,..
( ). Al3+
.

,
SiO44-
AlO45-.
, .
-

K2Al2Si6O16 K2O.Al2O3.6SiO2

Na2Al2Si6O16 Na2O.Al2O3.6SiO2

CaAl2Si2O8 CaO.Al2O3.2SiO2

,
Kal2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2.
(Na,K)2[Al2Si2O8],
.
: a) 1200:

(Na,K)2[Al2Si2O8] + 2CaCO3 = 2CaSiO3 + NaAlO2 + KAlO2 + 2CO2(

) -
CaSiO3:

NaAlO2 + KAlO2 + 4H2O = Na[Al(OH)4] + K[Al(OH)4]

) CO2:

Na[Al(OH)4] + K[Al(OH)4] + 2CO2 = NaHCO3 + KHCO3 + 2Al(OH)3

) Al(OH)3 :

2Al(OH)3 = Al2O3 + 3H2O

) ,
.

1 Al2O3 1 7.5 .


. - -
. ,
,
, .. , .

-
. AlF3
. , ,
. AlF3
HF Al2O3 Al:

Al2O3 + 6HF = 2AlF3 + 3H2O

, ,
,
.
.
,
.
, AlCl3, AlBr3 AlI3
( ).
.

AlCl3, AlBr3 AlI3
-
Al2Hal6.
.
, -
.
-,
.


, M3[AlF6]
M[AlHal4] ( Hal - , ).
.
AlCl3
( ).

( Al, F2, ,
.) Na3[AlF6].

:

2Al(OH)3 + 12HF + 3Na2CO3 = 2Na3[AlF6] + 3CO2 + 9H2O

-, -
.

,
.
(AlH3)n. 105
.

AlH3
:

LiH + AlH3 = Li[AlH4]

- . .
- . ( Li[AlH4])
.

Al2(SO4)3.18H2O
. ,
.

KAl(SO4)2.12H2O
,
.
,
,
, .

( -
) Al(CH3COO)3, (
) ( ).
.
, .

, ,
, .
.
.
. .

,

1. 2Al + 2NaOH + 6H2O = 2Na[Al(OH)4] + 3H2(

,
.

2. 2Al + 3H2SO4 = Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2(

.
.

3. 2Al + 6CH3COOH = 2Al(CH3COO)3 + 3H2(

.

4. 4Al + 3O2 = 2Al2O3

.

5. Al2O3 + 2NaOH + 3H2O = 2Na[Al(OH)4]

.

6. 2Al + 3I2 = 2AlI3


. ,
.

7. 3CuCl2 + 2Al = 3Cu + 2AlCl3

,
.

8. Al2(SO4)3 + 6NH4OH = 2Al(OH)3( + 3(NH4)2SO4

, .

9. Al(OH)3 + NaOH = Na[Al(OH)4]

.

10. 2Al(OH)3 + 3H2SO4 = Al2(SO4)3 + 6H2O

.



2Al + 6H2O = 2Al(OH)3 + 3H2(

(H,/ 0 -285,83.6 -1315.2 0

S,/ 28,35.2 70,08.6 70,1.2 130,52.3

(H = -915,02 ; (S = 54,58

(G = (H - T(S = -915020 - 54,58 . 298,15 = -931293,027 /

:

1. .., ..

2. ..

3. ..

4. ..

5. ..


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