Алюминий.
- .
5,5-6,6 . % 8 . %.
.
,
Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O.
Al2O3.xH2O
Al2O3 AlF3.3NaF.
1827
. ,
, XIX
.
Al2O3 . Al2O3
,
. Al2O3 2050, -
1100. Al2O3,
10 .% Al2O3, 960
, ,
. AlF3, CaF2
MgF2 950.
,
. (),
, . :
- , .
Al2O3 = Al3+ + AlO33-
:
Al3+ + 3- = Al
, .
:
4AlO33- - 12- = 2Al2O3 + 3O2
.
.
,
. +13.
1s22s22p63s23p1. 0,143 , -
0,126 , Al3+ - 0,057 . Al -
Al+ 5,99 .
+3.
.
d-.
4 (AlCl4-, AlH4-,
), 6 (Al2O3,[Al(OH2)6]3+).
- .
, . ,
[Al(OH2)6]3+, -
[Al(OH)6]3-.
- -,
2,7 /3 (.. 660, . . ~2500).
.
,
( 0,6 ).
.
.
(0,00001 ),
,
.
(. HNO3, K2Cr2O7)
.
.
.
( 0,005 )
.
,
. - (94% Al, 4% Cu, 0,5% Mg,
Mn, Fe Si), (85 - 90% Al, 10 - 14% Sk, 0,1% Na) .
, -, -, -
,
.
.
, ,
.
. .
, -
.
. ,
.
.
,
:
2Al + 6H2O = 2Al(OH)3 + 3H2(
, HNO3 H2SO4
( ),
.
,
.
, - ,
:
Al2O3 + 2NaOH + 3H2O = 2Na[Al(OH)4]
, , ,
:
2Al + 6H2O = 2Al(OH)3 + 3H2(
,
:
Al(OH)3 + NaOH = Na[Al(OH)4]
:
2Al + 2NaOH + 6H2O = 2Na[Al(OH)4] + 3H2(
,
, , Na2CO3.
Mg Zn.
.
(1676 / Al2O3), ,
.
,
.
Al ()
(Cr, Mn, V, W .) .
,
. ()
Fe3O4.
Al BaO2. :
8Al + 3Fe3O4 = 4Al2O3 + 9Fe + 3350
3000.
, (. .
2050) . Al2O3 ( ),
.
Al2O3 (. . )
.
,
..
. Al2O3,
( - ).
- -
- - - .
,
, ,
.. , Cr2O3,
- ,
.
Al2O3
Al(OH)3 .
.
OH- [Al(OH2)6]3+
:
[Al(OH2)6]3+ + OH- = [Al(OH)(OH2)5]2+ + H2O
[Al(OH)(OH2)5]2+ + OH- = [Al(OH)2(OH2)4]+ + H2O
[Al(OH)2(OH2)4]+ + OH- = [Al(OH)3(OH2)3]0 + H2O
Al(OH)3 ,
,
. , , .
.
NH4OH .
-
.
:
NaOH + Al(OH)3 = Na[Al(OH)4]
,
. ,
,
( Al2O3
). ,
HAlO2.
.
Al(OH)3 .
, ,
.
.
, ,
.
Al3+
. :
[Al(OH2)6]3+ + H2O = [Al(OH)(OH2)5]2+ + OH3+
1.10-5,..
( ). Al3+
.
,
SiO44-
AlO45-.
, .
-
K2Al2Si6O16 K2O.Al2O3.6SiO2
Na2Al2Si6O16 Na2O.Al2O3.6SiO2
CaAl2Si2O8 CaO.Al2O3.2SiO2
,
Kal2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2.
(Na,K)2[Al2Si2O8],
.
: a) 1200:
(Na,K)2[Al2Si2O8] + 2CaCO3 = 2CaSiO3 + NaAlO2 + KAlO2 + 2CO2(
) -
CaSiO3:
NaAlO2 + KAlO2 + 4H2O = Na[Al(OH)4] + K[Al(OH)4]
) CO2:
Na[Al(OH)4] + K[Al(OH)4] + 2CO2 = NaHCO3 + KHCO3 + 2Al(OH)3
) Al(OH)3 :
2Al(OH)3 = Al2O3 + 3H2O
) ,
.
1 Al2O3 1 7.5 .
. - -
. ,
,
, .. , .
-
. AlF3
. , ,
. AlF3
HF Al2O3 Al:
Al2O3 + 6HF = 2AlF3 + 3H2O
, ,
,
.
.
,
.
, AlCl3, AlBr3 AlI3
( ).
.
AlCl3, AlBr3 AlI3
-
Al2Hal6.
.
, -
.
-,
.
, M3[AlF6]
M[AlHal4] ( Hal - , ).
.
AlCl3
( ).
( Al, F2, ,
.) Na3[AlF6].
:
2Al(OH)3 + 12HF + 3Na2CO3 = 2Na3[AlF6] + 3CO2 + 9H2O
-, -
.
,
.
(AlH3)n. 105
.
AlH3
:
LiH + AlH3 = Li[AlH4]
- . .
- . ( Li[AlH4])
.
Al2(SO4)3.18H2O
. ,
.
KAl(SO4)2.12H2O
,
.
,
,
, .
( -
) Al(CH3COO)3, (
) ( ).
.
, .
, ,
, .
.
.
. .
,
1. 2Al + 2NaOH + 6H2O = 2Na[Al(OH)4] + 3H2(
,
.
2. 2Al + 3H2SO4 = Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2(
.
.
3. 2Al + 6CH3COOH = 2Al(CH3COO)3 + 3H2(
.
4. 4Al + 3O2 = 2Al2O3
.
5. Al2O3 + 2NaOH + 3H2O = 2Na[Al(OH)4]
.
6. 2Al + 3I2 = 2AlI3
. ,
.
7. 3CuCl2 + 2Al = 3Cu + 2AlCl3
,
.
8. Al2(SO4)3 + 6NH4OH = 2Al(OH)3( + 3(NH4)2SO4
, .
9. Al(OH)3 + NaOH = Na[Al(OH)4]
.
10. 2Al(OH)3 + 3H2SO4 = Al2(SO4)3 + 6H2O
.
2Al + 6H2O = 2Al(OH)3 + 3H2(
(H,/ 0 -285,83.6 -1315.2 0
S,/ 28,35.2 70,08.6 70,1.2 130,52.3
(H = -915,02 ; (S = 54,58
(G = (H - T(S = -915020 - 54,58 . 298,15 = -931293,027 /
:
1. .., ..
2. ..
3. ..
4. ..
5. ..