Автомобиль. Рабочие процессы и экологическая безопасность двигателя
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:
III
2401 ____________
=
. . =
: = . . =
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1998 .
.3
2.
.4.
.
.5
.6
.6
.6
.7
. .7
. .8
. .9
. .10
- . .10
. . 12
(N) , (Z)
. .13
. .17
. .18
. .19
.
. ,
,
.
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,
.
,
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,
.
, ,
,
, .
(
) .
.
,
,
.
- , ,
- .
.
-164 .
1. .
. .
. .. .
90 6 . . 5400 8,.2 0,95
.
, .
,
.
:
( = 8,2 . -93 (
= 81(90 ) .
. =
0,855 , = 0,145 , - ; - ; - .
1. , , ,
, : ++ = 1 .
A :
. ,
,
.
, . ,
0,23% , 0,208% ,
1 :
.
.
, 1 .
(=0,9 : (lo = 0.9*14.957 = 13.461 ; (Lo = 0,9 * 0,516 =
0,464 . ( = 115 ,
:
1 = 1/ ( + (Lo = 1/115+0,464 = 0,473 .
( ((1 )
() , (2) ,
(2) , (2) , (N2) .
=0,47 (
,
).:
= 2*0,21*[(1-()/(1+K)]*Lo = 0,42*(0,1/1,47)*0,516 = 0,0147 .
2 = /12- = 0,855/12-0,0147 = 0,0565 .
2 = * = 0,47*0,0147 = 0,00692 .
2 = /2 - 2 = 0,145/2-0,00692 = 0,06558 .
N2 = 0,792*(Lo = 0,792*0,9*0,516 = 0,368 .
:
2 = 0,0147+0,0565+0,00692+0,06558+0,368 = 0,5117 .
: 2 = /12+/2+0,792*(Lo = 0,855/12+0,145/2+0,792*0,9*0,516 =
0,5117 .
: Pk=Po=0.1 () Tk=To= 293
() , ( = 20 .
: r = 1030o .
: PrN = 1.16*Po = 1,16*0,1 =
0,116 () .
,
rN - , nN -
5400 /.
:
r=0(( 1,035+ (10-8 (n2)= 0,1((1,035+0,42867(10-8(54002) =
0,1((1,035+0,125)=0,116 ()
.
(
(N
=10 .
:
( = ( (110-0,0125(n) = 0,23533((110-0,0125(5400)= 10 .
,
0 =0,1 () ; 0 = 293 () ; -
287 (./*.) ( (0 = ( 0,1*106)/(287*293) = 1,189 (/3).
( ,
( ((2+()= 3,5 , ( -
, ( -
) ,
( = ((2+()* n2*n2*((k /2*10-6) , n = (/ nN , ( -
(( = 95 /) , n= 95/5400 = 0,0176 . : (k = (0 = 1,189 (
/3) .( ( = (3,5( 0,1762(54002(1,189(10-6)/2 =
(3,5(0,0003094(29160000(1,189(10-6) = 0,0107 ().
: = 0 - ( = 0,1- 0,0107 =
0,0893 ().
:
, =293 ; ( = 10 ; r = 0,116 () ; r = 1000 K ;
Pa= 0.0893 ();( = 8,2 , : (r =
(293+10)/1000*0,116/(8,2*0,0893-0,116) =0,057.
().
.
n= 1,37 .
:
= ((n = 0.0893( 8.21.37 = 1,595 ().
: = (((n-1) = 340,6(8,20,37 = 741,918( 742 ().
(
): mcv = 20,16+1,74(10-3( = 20,16+1,74(10-3(742 =
21,45 (/(.)
: r = (((r(L0 = 0,95(0,057(0,516=0,0279
().
: = 1+r = 0,473+0,0279=
0,5()
.
( ((1) : mc⒒ =
(18,4+2,6(()+(15,5+13,8(()(10-4(z= 20,87+28,61(10-4(z =
20,87+0,00286(z (/().
: z = M2+Mr =
0,5117+0,0279 = 0,5396 () .
: ( = z / Mc = 0,5397/0,5
= 1,08 .
(z = 0,8 ,
, lz 1 . : Q =
(z((Hu-(QH) , Hu -
42700 (/)., (QH =119950((1-()( L0 - ,
:
(QH = 119950((1-0,95) (0,516 = 3095 (/) , Q =
0,8((42700-3095) =31684 (/).
(((1) :
, :
1,08(20,87+0,00286*z)*Tz =
36636/(0,95*0,516*(1+0,057))+21,45*742
22,4z +0,003z2 = 86622 ( 22,4 z +0,003 z2
- 86622 = 0
: z =
Pc*(*Tz /Tc = 1,595*1,08*2810/742 = 6,524 () .
: z = 0,85*z =
0,85*6,524 =5,545 () . : ( = z / =
6,524/1,595 = 4,09
.
n2 = 1,25
:
2810/1,7=1653
:
1653/ 1,6 = 1037 . :
(= 100*(1037-1030)/1030 = 0,68% ,
(( 1,7 .
.
:
=1,163 () .
( = 0,96 ,
: i = 0,96* i = 0,96*1,163 =
1,116 () .
... : (i = pi l0 ( / (QH (0 (v ) = (1,116
*14,957*0,9)/(42,7*1,189*0,763) = 0,388 , Q = 42,7 /.
: gi = 3600/ (QH (i ) =
3600/(42,7*0,388) =217 / .
.
m = 15 /. , S= 75 .
n=5400 /. ,
: = +* m ,
S/D =0,75(1 ,
=0,0395 , = 0,0113 , = 0,0395+0,0113*15 =0,209 .
: = i - p = 1,116-0,209=
0,907 .
... : ( = / i = 0,907/ 1,116 = 0 ,812
... :
(= (i ( = 0,388*0,812 = 0,315 ; ge = 3600/(QH () =
3600/(42,7*0,315) = 268 /
.
: V = 30(( N / ( n) = 30*4*90/(0,907*5400) = 2,205
.
: Vh = V / i = 2,205 / 6 = 0,368 .
: D = 2(103(( Vh((S) = 2*10^3*(0,368/(3,14*75))^(0,5)=
2*103*0,0395 = 79,05 .( 80 .
S = 75 . D = 80. : V
= (D2Si / (4*106) = (3,14*6400*75*6)/(4000000)= 2,26 .
: F = (D2 / 4 = 20096/4 = 5024 2 = 50,24 (2).
: N = V n / 30( =
(0,907*2,26*5400)/(30*4) = 92,24 (.).
: = (3*104 / ()(Ne /n) =
(30000/3,14)*(92,24/5400) = 163,2 (()
: G = Ne (ge (10-3 = 92,24(268(10-3 =
92,24*268*10^(-3)=24,72 .
: Nn = 4( Ne /i(((D2 =
(4*92,24)/(6*3,14*80*80) =30,6
.
, ..
Ne=92,24 . n=5400 /.
: 1 . ; 0,05
.
:
= S/Ms = 75/1,0 =75 . ; = / ((-1) = 75/(8,2-1) = 10,4 .
Z : z / Mp = 6,524/0,05 = 130,48
.
:
/ = 0,0893/0,05 = 1,786 . ; / = 1,595/0,05 = 31,9 . ;
/ = 0,4701/0,05 = 9,402 . : r / = 0,116/0,05 = 2,32 . ; 0
/ = 0,1/0,05 = 2 .
:
: = (V V )n1 . / =
(/)(/)n1 . , = += 75+10,4 = 85,4 . ; n1 = 1,377 .
2. :
3. .:
/ = (V /V)n2 , / = (/)(/)n2 , =
85,4 ; n2 =1.25
.1. .
.
- .
Sn = (R+()- ( R cos.(+(cos.()= R[(1+1/()-( cos.(+1/( cos.()] , ( =R
/ ( , Sn = R[(1+ (/4)-( cos.(+ (/4 cos.2()] , (=180 Sn=S
- , : 75 = R[(1+(/4)-(-1+(/4)] ; 75 =
R[1.0625+0.9375] ; 75 = 2R ( R = 75/2 = 37.5 .=0,0375 .
(=R/L ( L = R/(= 37,5/0,25 = 150 .=15 . .. (= 0,25
:
V = dSn/dt = R(( sin( + (/2sin2() , jn = d2Sn/dt = R(2(cos( + (cos2()
,
: ( = (n/30 = 3,14*5400/30 = 565,2
/ .
4.. :
1- ( sin( + (/2sin2() ; 2- (cos( + (cos2()
5.
5. .(/)
( 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330
V 0 12,89 20,65 21,2 16,06 8,31 0 -8,31 -16,06 -21,2 -20,65 -12,89
( 360 390 420 450 480 510 540 570 600 630 660 690
V 0 12,89 20,65 21,2 16,06 8,31 0 -8,31 -16,06 -21,2 -20,65 -12,89
6. .
( 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330
j 14974 11872 4492 -2995 -7487 -8877 -8985 -8877 -7487 -2995 4492 11872
( 360 390 420 450 480 510 540 570 600 630 660 690
j 14974 11872 4492 -2995 -7487 -8877 -8985 -8877 -7487 -2995 4492 11872
.2 .
. 3 .
.
1 : 1= R(/2 = 0,25*3,75/2 = 0,47 ().
:
= mj (2 R(1+() = 0,5 z = 0,5*6,524 = 3,262 () ; = 3,262/0,05 =
65,24 .
:
BD EF :
BD = - mj (2 R(1-() = - 0,000218*319451*0,0375*(1-0,25) = -1,959 () .
EF = -3 mj (2 R( = -3*0,000218*319451*0,0375*0,25 = -1,959 ( ). ( BD=
EF
.4 .
: j = - mj (2 R(cos( + (cos2()
7. .
( 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330
j -3,25 -2.58 -0,98 0,65 1,625 1,927 1,95 1,927 1,625 0,65 -0,98 -2,58
( 360 390 420 450 480 510 540 570 600 630 660 690
Pj -3,25 -2,58 -0,98 0,65 1,625 1,927 1,95 1,927 1,625 0,65 -0,98 -2,58
,
:
, 0 = 0,1 , = r +Pj - P0 ,
r - ,
.
8.
, :
N= *tg( ; Z = * cos((+()/cos( ; T = * sin((+()/cos(
8. .
N (.5) ,
(.6) , (.7)
.
.5 N
.
6. .
.7.
.
,
, ,
,
. 10
.
: ( = ( (( i) F R ,
F - : F = 0,005 2 , ; R= 0,0375 . -
. :
1-4-2-6-3-5 .
: =98100* F R
. 8.
.
: . = ( max + Mmin)/2
. = (609,94+162,2)/2 = 386 ( .
5. .
,
.
,
, ,
,
.
.
6. .
1. . . . .
. .: , 1980.;
2. . . . . .:
, 1967.;
3. . . :
. , 1997..
