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Реакция деления ядер.Жизненный цикл нейронов.

-



33

.



.



1996 1.

1.1

,
.
30% . ,

.
( ) (
).
, .

, ,

. ,
.
E1
E2 ( E1 > E2 ).
,
,
E ( E > E1 ).

.

1.2 ,

. -
(
).
.
.


.
-
, .



,
.
.
, 2,5
.
,
. ,
,
.

2. , .

2.1.

,
. ,

.


, -
, ()
.

(fission)

n A (capture)

(scattaring)

,
.
()
.

2.2.

, N ,
v n.

.

R,

R = ( N ( (1)

( = n v - , ( -
. ( ( 1 = 10-24 2 ).

(1 ) :

Rf = ( N (f -

Rc = ( N (c -

Rs = ( N (s -

(total = (f + (c+ (s

,
.
((E) ,
E .
: , E < 0,625 ;
, 0,625 < E < 0.1
; , E > 0.1 ;

2.3

-
() ,
- ,
.

2.3.1

: ,

,

(-.



E0 A E1

n A

n E2

n

n A A+1 (

A

,
(E ( 0,1 ),
.

,

. -
, .

2.3.2 ()

,
.

(

n A A+1

A+1

. (c
A.
(c(E) v
( E).
, (c
.

2.4

.
:

2.4.1

n

A1 (

n A A+1 ( (

(

n n A2 (

n (

(


() (
) 95/140. , -
. : U235,
Pu239, Pu241 ( U235,
U238 0.714%). , ,
, . ,
,
.

2.4.2

.

E = 0.025 - 200 .
E= 200 .

E,

167

( 6

n 5

( 8

( 12



2.4.3 .

. 2 . 3

. 1

(f(E) ,
E-1/2 .
(f(E) = E-1/2, f(E) = (f E1/2
U235 , . 1
, .
. 1 , E = 0,3 .

. 2 (f (total E
. . 3
U238, ,
(E > 1).

.

2.4.4

,
(-, (- , (- ,
.
.
(f .

.
( 0,5 15 ),
. U235
1.93 .


( ),
, (
).

2.4.5

,
. ,
(
),
.
. 6
: T - , (i -
, (i/( -
, E -
.


U235

T, . (i (i/( , % E,

1 80.0 0.21 3.3 0.25

2 32.8 1.40 21.9 0.56

3 9.0 1.26 19.6 0.43

4 3.3 2.52 39.5 0.62

5 0.88 0.74 11.5 0.42

6 0.33 0.27 4.2 -



:

N / (N + N) = ( = 0.0065; T ( 13 .; T ( 0.001 .


.

3.

3.1

2.5 .
, ,
.

.
, ,
.

,

( ).
, ,
U238, U235.
, - .

3.2

,
.

3.2.1

N ,
, U238,
(1 )
.
.

( -
U238 (
U235).

, ( , U238 .
, (max = 1.35 ( U238 100%).
( = 1.01 - 1.03.

3.2.2

N ,
U238.
,
U238. ( -
.

( ,
. (
U238 . ( ( 0.65, ( ( 0.93.


3.2.3

N ,
.
(. ,
, .

3.2.4 U235

N . ,
.
(
, . , ( ,
U235 .

3.3

,
.


N1 1 .
U238 (1 ) (
N1 (( - ).


. ,
U238 ( ( N1 (( -
).

, ,
. ( ( (
N1 (( - ).

,
U235 .
N2 = ( ( ( ( N1.



. 4

, ,
. . 4.
,
.


:

K( = Ni+1/Ni = ( ( ( ( - 4- .



K = ( ( ( ( P, P - .


. ,

, .
,

.



1. . . . .: , 1980.

2. . . . .: , 1971.

3. . ., . ., .
.: , 1986.

4. . . . . .:
, 1982

5. . . .: , 1987

6. . ., . . .
.: , 1978






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