. . .
( )
4- -42
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. . ____________ ______________ |
1997
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, , . .
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.
- . , .
1690- -, , , . 1688 - , . , . .
, 1690- , . . .
1693 , . , . , , . , . 1694 " ".
. , , " ", .
760 000 , . , , . .
1696 , Whig, . National Land Bank , . , . , .
1708 . , ( ) , 6 (), 6 . , .
, - . 1711 (South Sea Company), - , , . , . . .
XVIII , . 1793 400. , 1790-, 1793 , 1797 . .
24 . 1821 ( ), 1812 . , . 1797 280 country , 1813 900. 1816 24 , 1797 .
. , 1821 , 16%.
1826 , , 65 . , , . 1833 . country , , . , , country .
, 1844 . , , , , . , . 1844 , , . , . , (, , ), , .
1946 . , , . , , , . , . ( 1976 .), , , , .
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2 :
, , , , , ( ). 1946 , , , . , . (Inflation Report), , 6 .
, . , , .
, , , , .
.
, . , , . , , , . , - , , , .
, , . , . , , . , , . , , , .
.
, , , , . . , , , , .
, . . , (Exchange Equalisation Account). 1930- . , , , , , . , , , , .
(ERM - exchange rate mechanism) 8 1990 , . ERM 16 1992 .
. . , 1980- , , . 1985 . ( 1971 ); , ( 1980 ); , .
, () . - .
. , , , .
, , . , . , 2% .
:
, , , - . , .
, () , - , , . . , , . , , .
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- . . , . , 0,35% . . . , .
, , .
. ( ) . . , , . - . 1971 . , .
, , .
. , , . . : , . . , , , . , , , . . - . , , , , , - .
, , , . , , , .
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3: .
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6 |
6 |
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2 |
2 ( 2 , - 2 ) |
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4 ( ) |
|
1 |
4 ( ) |
. , - , , , , .
- 80- . , , . , , , - , - , , .
(National Loans Fund - NLF) . NLF , , .
, , . . , ( ) .
- ( 3 6 ) IOU - I owe you, . , , . . , . (, 7% 3 1000000 . . 983000 . .: 17000 . . 3 7% ). .
- ( 5 40 ), , . , 6 . , 8% Teasury Stock 2015 8% , 2015 . , , , .
- , (PSBR - public sector borrowing requirement) , , . ( 1980- ), - , .. .
( 2 . .) . 1995-1996 8 . , ( ). ( , 20 100 . . 8% 98 . ., 8.2%). , , (GEMM - gilt-edged market dealers). - , . , . , . - .
. , , . Central Gilts Office, . .
, , . , , ( 1960- 1970- ). ECU 1 3 .
300 . . . , ( 5 - , , , ) , . 5 . . - 1 , 50 . . - 3-4 .
, 1844 , .. , . , , . .
4:
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||||
1992 |
1993 |
1994 |
1995 |
|
1 |
59 |
58 |
57 |
57 |
5 |
1,166 |
1,163 |
1,135 |
1,072 |
10 |
5,743 |
5,348 |
5,245 |
5,348 |
20 |
5,288 |
6,101 |
6,818 |
7,723 |
50 |
2,515 |
2,732 |
2,824 |
2,852 |
|
1,350 |
1,563 |
1,024 |
1,004 |
16,121 |
16,965 |
17,163 |
18,056 |
() - 1 . . 1984
() - ,
5: , .
|
||||
1992 |
1993 |
1994 |
1995 |
|
5 |
355 |
318 |
325 |
308 |
10 |
638 |
752 |
622 |
624 |
20 |
489 |
329 |
339 |
342 |
50 |
21 |
23 |
22 |
39 |
1,503 |
1,422 |
1,308 |
1,313 |
:
.
, , , , . Barings " ". " " , . " " , . , . " " " ", . .
" " . , " ". :
, , . . (35 1997 .) 7-8 .
.
. . 2 . , . , .
. 3 :
. , . 60- : Barclays, National Westminster, Midland, Lloyds. 2 - " " ( " ") "" ( " "). 12 . . , , . 6 ( ) 90% . - 70- , 80- .
- " ". , -. " .. ", , " " 100% . - " " 1650 50 , " ." ( ) " ". " .", , . .
- . , , . , . 70- 1 . . , . , , , ..
. , .
. . - Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Holdings, 9 . , , , 2 - Samuel Montagu Midland Bank.
- , , , , , . , , Wardly Group Hohg Kong Bank Group Montagu Private Equity Midland Group.
:
, " " (Girobank), 1968 , . " " , . , "" 22 . . 1973 500 . . , , " " . " " 5 . , " " .
, , , . 2/3 , 60% . . . . 500 . ., 100, . . - 5 .
. , , , . , . (MoneyShops). 1970 . " -". . 1974 120. , . , , , 1974 35%, 1981 . 57% . . . , , , . , , . . . , . , , .
(Merchant Banks). . , . - " " 1972 . 173 . , . , . . " . . ", ". ", " ", ". . ", " " 100 . , , , "", .
, . .
3- :
. . " " , . " " . "" . (goldfixing). , , , 4 , : ", ", " ", " ", "". , . . 85% , , 3 , , 15% - . : " , , ( ) "ex London" "cif Heathrow".
, , . , . , . . " ", - " ".
. 8 - (running brokers, money brokers), .
(London Discount Market Association, LDMA), : CL Alexanders Discount Plc.; Cater Allen Ltd.; Clive Discount Co. Ltd; Gerrald and National Ltd; king and Shaxson Ltd; Quin Cope Limited; Seccombe Marshall and Campion Plc; Union Discount Company Ltd.
- . ( ). , (T-bills), (commercial bills) (gilt-edged securities, gilts). , - .
, , . .
() , .
, . - (), . .
- () , . . , . , . , , , , , . , , , , , , . , , , ( ) , . 30, 60, 90 , . , , , . , . , , Seccombe Marshall & Campion plc, . , . , . 2 . , , , , .
, , . (Overseas banks) , - , - , . . " " 1650 . " " 1400 . : 300 .
(Foreign Banks) . 1978 308 63 . 24 53 - .
2 , -. (Moscow Narodny Bank).
(Consortia Banks). , , . . , , . , , . . " " , , " ." , , " " , .
B - . C :
, - .
.
. (current accounts) (depopsit/savings accounts), . , - (overdraft), , . (authorised), , , . , , . , , , 7-8% . 2-3%.
, . - . , ( - 100 . ). , , .
. 80- , .
7- . , . :
. . , . , , ..
. .
:
.
. . :
. - . - 7 18 . , , .
. 1983 -: . , . :
. , , , . :
. - , . .
(budget account). , (, , , ), 12 1/12 . . . , . .
(cashflow account). ( 20 ), 30- . . : , .
- . , , , .
70% , .
:
. , 2 5%. , ( ). .
- ( 1966 ). 70 . , 25 , 250 , . , , .
, 5%. , .
, , . .
- 6-10%. 1979 , . , 0.75% 20 .
1979 1987 . 1979 . , . , ( , ) , 5 . . . . 10000 75% . , 8000, , 6000 , 25000 - 7500- . 80- : , 700 000 .
1979 80- ( , 1983-1984 ). 1987 , 1987 . , , , 75% , 15 000 .
1994 Barings , 233 . , , .
3/4 . 20 000 (30 000 $ ).
1994 . :
6:
( 1995 , )
|
|
|
|
411 |
140 |
|
22 |
15 |
|
37 |
11 |
|
189 |
807 |
659 |
973 |
7:
( 1996 , . . .)
|
|
|
|
468 |
149 |
|
23 |
13 |
|
43 |
9 |
|
216 |
805 |
749 |
976 |
- . - ( ).
() . , , . .
. : , , .
- , , , . , .
. , .
, - (credit on loan account). , . , . .
. . - . . .
( ) ( - Д).
. . 70- , , (sale and lease back). , . , .
:
(personal loan) . , , (, , ) - , , .
- 500 5000 ( - 10 000 ). 1/4 1/3 . (budget account). , , . : 30 . , 1/12 . (, )
. 12 .
( home loan) . - . 80- .
: .
. , . .
, . , , , , , , . , .
(Consumer Credit Act) 1974 . , .
, , , . - , , , . , , (implied) . (Good banking), .
(Good banking ) , , , , .
, . , National Westminster Bank ( NatWest), , , : Visa Primary, Access, Visa, Mastercard, Visa Gold. , . , , NatWest Visa Primary, 6 , Access, Visa & Mastercard -12 Visa Gold - 35 ( 1995 )
Visa Primary NatWest, , - ( 50 ). 500 . - 23,9% ; 25,8% (advances). - . 1,7%.
( ) . , , .
. , . , . . , . 20- . Moscow Narodny Bank, , .
, . : Midland Bank, Barclays Bank National Westminster Bank, Moskow Narodny Bank.
. , .
. - , . () , . .
. , . . 80 , , , .
, . , , .
. , (level play field), . . , , .
, , , , .
:
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