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Банковская система Англии

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4- -42

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1997

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- . , .

1690- -, , , . 1688 - , . , . .

, 1690- , . . .

1693 , . , . , , . , . 1694 " ".

. , , " ", .

760 000 , . , , . .

1696 , Whig, . National Land Bank , . , . , .

1708 . , ( ) , 6 (), 6 . , .

, - . 1711 (South Sea Company), - , , . , . . .

XVIII , . 1793 400. , 1790-, 1793 , 1797 . .

24 . 1821 ( ), 1812 . , . 1797 280 country , 1813 900. 1816 24 , 1797 .

. , 1821 , 16%.

1826 , , 65 . , , . 1833 . country , , . , , country .

, 1844 . , , , , . , . 1844 , , . , . , (, , ), , .

1946 . , , . , , , . , . ( 1976 .), , , , .

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    2. ;
    3. .

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  1. . . . , . ( , , 0,35 % () ). .
  2. .
  3. , , , .

:

  1. :

  2. . .
  3. , .
  4. , - .
  5. - (EMI - European Monetary Institute)- , 1998 .

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.

, - , , , .

. . .

. . . , , . , 70- - , , .

2 :

  1. 25%
  2. () .

, , , , , ( ). 1946 , , , . , . (Inflation Report), , 6 .

, . , , .

, , , , .

.

, . , , . , , , . , - , , , .

, , . , . , , . , , . , , , .

.

, , , , . . , , , , .

, . . , (Exchange Equalisation Account). 1930- . , , , , , . , , , , .

(ERM - exchange rate mechanism) 8 1990 , . ERM 16 1992 .

. . , 1980- , , . 1985 . ( 1971 ); , ( 1980 ); , .

, () . - .

. , , , .

, , . , . , 2% .

:

  1. );
  2. , - .

, , , - . , .

, () , - , , . . , , . , , .

() - - . , , ( , , , ) , (, ), .

- . . , . , 0,35% . . . , .

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. ( ) . . , , . - . 1971 . , .

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, , , . , , , .

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3: .

 

6

6

2

2 (

2 , - 2 )

4 ( )

1

4 ( )

 

. , - , , , , .

- 80- . , , . , , , - , - , , .

(National Loans Fund - NLF) . NLF , , .

, , . . , ( ) .

- ( 3 6 ) IOU - I owe you, . , , . . , . (, 7% 3 1000000 . . 983000 . .: 17000 . . 3 7% ). .

- ( 5 40 ), , . , 6 . , 8% Teasury Stock 2015 8% , 2015 . , , , .

- , (PSBR - public sector borrowing requirement) , , . ( 1980- ), - , .. .

( 2 . .) . 1995-1996 8 . , ( ). ( , 20 100 . . 8% 98 . ., 8.2%). , , (GEMM - gilt-edged market dealers). - , . , . , . - .

. , , . Central Gilts Office, . .

, , . , , ( 1960- 1970- ). ECU 1 3 .

300 . . . , ( 5 - , , , ) , . 5 . . - 1 , 50 . . - 3-4 .

, 1844 , .. , . , , . .

 

 

 

 

4:

 

1992

1993

1994

1995

1

59

58

57

57

5

1,166

1,163

1,135

1,072

10

5,743

5,348

5,245

5,348

20

5,288

6,101

6,818

7,723

50

2,515

2,732

2,824

2,852

1,350

1,563

1,024

1,004

16,121

16,965

17,163

18,056

() - 1 . . 1984

() - ,

 

5: , .

 

1992

1993

1994

1995

5

355

318

325

308

10

638

752

622

624

20

489

329

339

342

50

21

23

22

39

1,503

1,422

1,308

1,313

:

.

, , , , . Barings " ". " " , . " " , . , . " " " ", . .

" " . , " ". :

    1. , , ,
    2. ,
    3. . .

, , . . (35 1997 .) 7-8 .

 

.

. . 2 . , . , .

. 3 :

    1. ( (retail banks) " ("high street banks"));
    2. ;
    3. , , .

. , . 60- : Barclays, National Westminster, Midland, Lloyds. 2 - " " ( " ") "" ( " "). 12 . . , , . 6 ( ) 90% . - 70- , 80- .

- " ". , -. " .. ", , " " 100% . - " " 1650 50 , " ." ( ) " ". " .", , . .

- . , , . , . 70- 1 . . , . , , , ..

. , .

. . - Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Holdings, 9 . , , , 2 - Samuel Montagu Midland Bank.

- , , , , , . , , Wardly Group Hohg Kong Bank Group Montagu Private Equity Midland Group.

:

, " " (Girobank), 1968 , . " " , . , "" 22 . . 1973 500 . . , , " " . " " 5 . , " " .

, , , . 2/3 , 60% . . . . 500 . ., 100, . . - 5 .

. , , , . , . (MoneyShops). 1970 . " -". . 1974 120. , . , , , 1974 35%, 1981 . 57% . . . , , , . , , . . . , . , , .

(Merchant Banks). . , . - " " 1972 . 173 . , . , . . " . . ", ". ", " ", ". . ", " " 100 . , , , "", .

, . .

3- :

    1. . - . (17 " " - Acceptiry Houses Committee). , . , . , , , , , - . 6 . , , , . , , , . , . , . .
    2. . , , ; , , .
    3. . , , , , , . , ( ) 100 . . .

. . " " , . " " . "" . (goldfixing). , , , 4 , : ", ", " ", " ", "". , . . 85% , , 3 , , 15% - . : " , , ( ) "ex London" "cif Heathrow".

, , . , . , . . " ", - " ".

. 8 - (running brokers, money brokers), .

(London Discount Market Association, LDMA), : CL Alexanders Discount Plc.; Cater Allen Ltd.; Clive Discount Co. Ltd; Gerrald and National Ltd; king and Shaxson Ltd; Quin Cope Limited; Seccombe Marshall and Campion Plc; Union Discount Company Ltd.

- . ( ). , (T-bills), (commercial bills) (gilt-edged securities, gilts). , - .

, , . .

() , .

, . - (), . .

- () , . . , . , . , , , , , . , , , , , , . , , , ( ) , . 30, 60, 90 , . , , , . , . , , Seccombe Marshall & Campion plc, . , . , . 2 . , , , , .

, , . (Overseas banks) , - , - , . . " " 1650 . " " 1400 . : 300 .

(Foreign Banks) . 1978 308 63 . 24 53 - .

2 , -. (Moscow Narodny Bank).

(Consortia Banks). , , . . , , . , , . . " " , , " ." , , " " , .

B - . C :

, - .

.

. (current accounts) (depopsit/savings accounts), . , - (overdraft), , . (authorised), , , . , , . , , , 7-8% . 2-3%.

, . - . , ( - 100 . ). , , .

. 80- , .

7- . , . :

. . , . , , ..

. .

:

.

. . :

. - . - 7 18 . , , .

. 1983 -: . , . :

. , , , . :

. - , . .

(budget account). , (, , , ), 12 1/12 . . . , . .

(cashflow account). ( 20 ), 30- . . : , .

- . , , , .

70% , .

:

. , 2 5%. , ( ). .

- ( 1966 ). 70 . , 25 , 250 , . , , .

, 5%. , .

, , . .

- 6-10%. 1979 , . , 0.75% 20 .

 

1979 1987 . 1979 . , . , ( , ) , 5 . . . . 10000 75% . , 8000, , 6000 , 25000 - 7500- . 80- : , 700 000 .

1979 80- ( , 1983-1984 ). 1987 , 1987 . , , , 75% , 15 000 .

1994 Barings , 233 . , , .

3/4 . 20 000 (30 000 $ ).

1994 . :

6:

( 1995 , )

411

140

22

15

37

11

189

807

659

973

7:

( 1996 , . . .)

468

149

23

13

43

9

216

805

749

976

 

- . - ( ).

() . , , . .

. : , , .

- , , , . , .

. , .

, - (credit on loan account). , . , . .

. . - . . .

( ) ( - Д).

. . 70- , , (sale and lease back). , . , .

:

(personal loan) . , , (, , ) - , , .

- 500 5000 ( - 10 000 ). 1/4 1/3 . (budget account). , , . : 30 . , 1/12 . (, )

. 12 .

( home loan) . - . 80- .

 

: .

. , . .

, . , , , , , , . , .

(Consumer Credit Act) 1974 . , .

, , , . - , , , . , , (implied) . (Good banking), .

(Good banking ) , , , , .

, . , National Westminster Bank ( NatWest), , , : Visa Primary, Access, Visa, Mastercard, Visa Gold. , . , , NatWest Visa Primary, 6 , Access, Visa & Mastercard -12 Visa Gold - 35 ( 1995 )

Visa Primary NatWest, , - ( 50 ). 500 . - 23,9% ; 25,8% (advances). - . 1,7%.

( ) . , , .

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

. , . , . . , . 20- . Moscow Narodny Bank, , .

, . : Midland Bank, Barclays Bank National Westminster Bank, Moskow Narodny Bank.

. , .

. - , . () , . .

. , . . 80 , , , .

, . , , .

. , (level play field), . . , , .

, , , , .

 

 

 

:

 

  1. The Financial Times: Guide to Using The Financial Pages, 1994. - p. 44
  2. Murray N. Rothbard. The Mystery of Banking. - Richardson & Snyder. - 1983, p. 179-190
  3. . . . // . 1997 - 5. - . 28
  4. . . // . 1997. - 6. - . 28
  5. : // . 1997- 1. - .26
  6. : . // . 1995. - 37. - . 7
  7. . , . 9 / . . . , 1994 c. 31
  8. / ; . . . . . . . - .: . 1981. - . 85
  9. . : // , 1995- 18- .7
  10. . / . . . - .: , 1989. - . 365
  11. : International: . // 1995 - 3. . 26
  12. . ., . . - . - .: , 1976. - . 126
  13. . . . - .: . 1988. - . 112
  14. . . // 1996 - 8. - . 37
  15. : . // 1995 - 18. - . 7
  16. . . // 1997 - 3. - . 28; 4. - . 34
  17. . . - . - .: , 1988. - . 200
  18. . : // 1996 - 5. . 30
  19. . . , 1979. - . 70
  20. . // . - 1995 - 26. - . 7
  21. . , , - .: , 1986. - . 77
  22. . . : , , . // 1995. - 8. - . 24
  23. . . // 1995 - 9. - . 24
  24. . . : . .: є, 1993. . 320
  25. http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/boe.htm
  26. http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/borrow.htm
  27. http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/custom.htm
  28. http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/note.htm
  29. http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/value.htm
  30. http://www.bankfacts.org.uk/wib/boe.htm
  31. http://www.bankfacts.org.uk/wib/fsbndist.htm


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